Negative social evaluation, but not mere social presence, elicits cortisol responses to a laboratory stressor task.
Abstract
Background Recent research has supported the premise that performance conditions characterized by social-evaluative threat, in which an aspect of the self could be judged by others, are associated with cortisol responses. However, it remains unclear whether this effect is due to negative social evaluation per se or simply the presence of another during a performance situation. Method In the present study, 89 undergraduates delivered a speech in 1 of 3 conditions: in front of an evaluative audience panel (social-evaluative threat [SET]), in the presence of an inattentive confederate (PRES), or alone in a room (non-SET). Results Consistent with hypotheses, participants in the SET condition demonstrated a significant cortisol response, while those in the non-SET and PRES conditions did not show increases in this hormone. Further, participants in the SET condition who reported greater posttask levels of self-conscious cognitions and emotions demonstrated the greatest increases in cortisol. Conclusion These findings suggest that the mere social presence of others is not driving the changes in cortisol observed under social-evaluative threat; instead, explicit negative social evaluation may be responsible for increases in this health-relevant physiological parameter.
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Exposure to socially rejecting raters triggered increases in cortisol, but only when the raters were being evaluative.
“exposure to socially rejecting raters triggered increases in cortisol, but only when the raters were being evaluative”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Dickerson, Mycek, & Zaldivar, 2008
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- Authors
- Dickerson, S. S., Mycek, P. J., & Zaldivar, F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- ORCID
- Dickerson, Sally S.
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 116-121
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2052393455
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, Irvine
- US Public Health Service (5M01RR 00827-29)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Keywords
- social-evaluative threat, cortisol, social presence, laboratory stressor, speech performance, self-consciousness, self-conscious emotions, stress physiology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, California, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Self Concept, Speech, Stress, Psychological
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