Cited by 925Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismLanguage Development and DisordersCognitive Abilities and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.

Open access

Bialystok, Ellen, Craik, Fergus, Luk, Gigi·2008·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Ninety-six participants, who were younger (20 years) or older (68 years) adults and either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants performed most of the tasks better than older participants, confirming the effect of aging on these processes. The effect of language group was different for each type of task: Monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on working memory tasks, monolinguals performed better on lexical retrieval tasks, and bilinguals performed better on executive control tasks, with some evidence for larger language group differences in older participants on the executive control tasks. These results replicate findings from individual studies obtained using only 1 type of task and different participants. The confirmation of this pattern in the same participants is discussed in terms of a suggested explanation of how the need to manage 2 language systems leads to these different outcomes for cognitive and linguistic functions.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859

Cites

95 of 95 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500
The Cognitive neurosciences
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-0626 · Cited by 4,726
Boston Naming Test
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weıntraub, S., & Segal, O. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,378
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951

Show all 96 references

Sorted by citations

Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,386
Self-citation
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism
Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654310368803 · Cited by 1,132
Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent
Bialystok, E. (2008) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728908003477 · Cited by 1,222
Self-citation
Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children
BIALYSTOK, E., LUK, G., PEETS, K. F., & YANG, S. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990423 · Cited by 1,012
Self-citation
The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience
Bialystok, E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000099 · Cited by 906
Self-citation
Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage
Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.795574 · Cited by 859
Self-citation
Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances
Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A., & Sawi, O. M. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014 · Cited by 905
On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don’t
Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001 · Cited by 800
Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes
Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7 · Cited by 859
Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition
Kroll, J. F., & Bialystok, E. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.799170 · Cited by 786
Self-citation
Bilingual Minds
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610387084 · Cited by 753
Self-citation
Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review.
Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000142 · Cited by 711
Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism.
Bialystok, E. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0025406 · Cited by 739
Self-citation
A bilingual advantage in task switching
PRIOR, A., & MACWHINNEY, B. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990526 · Cited by 625
Cognitive Advantage in Bilingualism
de Bruin, A., Treccani, B., & Sala, S. D. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614557866 · Cited by 659
Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children
Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002 · Cited by 599
Self-citation
Cognitive and Linguistic Processing in the Bilingual Mind
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721409358571 · Cited by 572
Self-citation
Good Language-Switchers are Good Task-Switchers: Evidence from Spanish–English and Mandarin–English Bilinguals
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. H. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000580 · Cited by 509
Bilingualism and cognition
Valian, V. V. (2014) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000522 · Cited by 511
Components of executive control with advantages for bilingual children in two cultures
Bialystok, E., & Viswanathan, M. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.014 · Cited by 502
Self-citation
The Inhibitory Advantage in Bilingual Children Revisited
Duñabeitia, J. A., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., Antón, E., Macizo, P., Estévez, A., Fuentes, L. J., & Carreiras, M. (2013) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000243 · Cited by 448
Defining Multilingualism
Cenoz, J. (2013) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s026719051300007x · Cited by 446
Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains White Matter Integrity in Older Adults
Luk, G., Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Grady, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4563-11.2011 · Cited by 409
Self-citation
The Advantages of Bilingualism Debate
Antoniou, M. (2018) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011820 · Cited by 420
Does language dominance affect cognitive performance in bilinguals? Lifespan evidence from preschoolers through older adults on card sorting, Simon, and metalinguistic tasks
Gathercole, V. C. M., THOMAS, E. M., Kennedy, I., Prys, C., Young, N. E., Viñas‐Guasch, N., Roberts, E. J., Hughes, E. K., & Jones, L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00011 · Cited by 392
Is there a bilingual advantage in the ANT task? Evidence from children
Antón, E., Duñabeitia, J. A., Estévez, A., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., Castillo, A., Fuentes, L. J., Davidson, D. J., & Carreiras, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00398 · Cited by 355
Global–local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: Beyond inhibition.
Bialystok, E. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015466 · Cited by 295
Self-citation
The Source of Enhanced Cognitive Control in Bilinguals
Emmorey, K. D., Luk, G., Pyers, J. E., & Bialystok, E. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02224.x · Cited by 306
Self-citation
Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis
Grundy, J. G., & Timmer, K. (2016) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658316678286 · Cited by 305
The Efficiency of Attentional Networks in Early and Late Bilinguals: The Role of Age of Acquisition
Tao, L., Marzecová, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., & Wodniecka, Z. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00123 · Cited by 306
The influence of language-switching experience on the bilingual executive control advantage
Verreyt, N., Woumans, E., Vandelanotte, D., Szmalec, A., & Duyck, W. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000352 · Cited by 290
What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy
Sandoval, T. C., Gollan, T. H., Ferreira, V. S., & Salmon, D. P. (2010) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990514 · Cited by 289
The impact of bilingualism on brain reserve and metabolic connectivity in Alzheimer's dementia
Perani, D., Farsad, M., Ballarini, T., Lubian, F., Malpetti, M., Fracchetti, A., Magnani, G., March, A., & Abutalebi, J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1610909114 · Cited by 266
International Journal of Language Studies
Nodoushan, P. M. A. S. (2014) · ADVANCED SCIENCES INDEX · Cited by 261
Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: Response inhibition versus interference suppression
Luk, G., Anderson, J. A. E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C., & Bialystok, E. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.09.004 · Cited by 256
Self-citation
Effects of bilingualism and aging on executive function and working memory.
Bialystok, E., Poarch, G. J., Luo, L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0037254 · Cited by 253
Self-citation
Are bilingual advantages dependent upon specific tasks or specific bilingual experiences?
Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A., & Sawi, O. M. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.944914 · Cited by 254
Effects of Dual-Language Immersion Programs on Student Achievement
Steele, J. L., Slater, R. O., Zamarro, G., Miller, T., Li, J. J., Burkhauser, S., & Bacon, M. (2017) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831216634463 · Cited by 215
Moving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging
Baum, S. R., & Titone, D. A. (2014) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716414000174 · Cited by 250
How does bilingualism modify cognitive function? Attention to the mechanism
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02057-5 · Cited by 269
Self-citation
Is There a Relationship between Language Switching and Executive Functions in Bilingualism? Introducing a within group Analysis Approach
Soveri, A., Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., & Laine, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00183 · Cited by 247
Qualitative Differences between Bilingual Language Control and Executive Control: Evidence from Task-Switching
Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Branzi, F. M., & Costa, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00399 · Cited by 213
Does the Bilingual Advantage in Cognitive Control Exist and If So, What Are Its Modulating Factors? A Systematic Review
van den Noort, M., Struys, E., Bosch, P., Jaswetz, L., Perriard, B., Yeo, S., Barisch, P., Vermeire, K., Lee, S., & Lim, S. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9030027 · Cited by 258
Balanced bilingualism and early age of second language acquisition as the underlying mechanisms of a bilingual executive control advantage: why variations in bilingual experiences matter.
Yow, W. Q., & Li, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00164 · Cited by 211
Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J. (2011) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.590504 · Cited by 200
The impact of bilingualism on the executive control and orienting networks of attention
Hernández, M., Costa, A., Fuentes, L. J., Vivas, A. B., & Sebastián‐Gallés, N. (2010) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990010 · Cited by 221
Speech discrimination in 11‐month‐old bilingual and monolingual infants: a magnetoencephalography study
Ramírez, N. F., Ramírez, R. R., Clarke, M. D., Taulu, S., & Kuhl, P. K. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12427 · Cited by 217
Implicit AND explicit language learning: Their dynamic interface and complexity
Ellis, N. C. (2015) · Studies in Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.48.01ell · Cited by 201
Bilingualism Affords No General Cognitive Advantages: A Population Study of Executive Function in 11,000 People
Nichols, E. S., Wild, C. J., Stojanoski, B. B., Battista, M. E., & Owen, A. M. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620903113 · Cited by 224
Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual adults
BIALYSTOK, E., & LUK, G. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891100040x · Cited by 194
Self-citation
What Predicts Successful Literacy Acquisition in a Second Language?
Frost, R., Siegelman, N., Narkiss, A., & Afek, L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612472207 · Cited by 204
Cognitive advantages and disadvantages in early and late bilinguals.
Pelham, S. D., & Abrams, L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0035224 · Cited by 210
Conflict monitoring and resolution: Are two languages better than one? Evidence from reaction time and event-related brain potentials
Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.052 · Cited by 209
Neuropsychological, Cognitive, and Theoretical Considerations for Evaluation of Bilingual Individuals
Mindt, M. R., Arentoft, A., Germano, K. K., D’Aquila, E., Scheiner, D. L., Pizzirusso, M., Sandoval, T. C., & Gollan, T. H. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9069-7 · Cited by 202
Brain Circuit for Cognitive Control Is Shared by Task and Language Switching
Baene, W. D., Duyck, W., Braß, M., & Carreiras, M. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00817 · Cited by 186
The Influence of Expertise in Simultaneous Interpreting on Non-Verbal Executive Processes
Yudes, C., Macizo, P., & Bajo, M. T. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00309 · Cited by 204
Structural Correlates of Semantic and Phonemic Fluency Ability in First and Second Languages
Grogan, A., Green, D. W., Ali, N., Crinion, J., & Price, C. J. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp023 · Cited by 180
Dominance and age in bilingualism
Birdsong, D. (2014) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amu031 · Cited by 133
Parallel language activation and cognitive control during spoken word recognition in bilinguals
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.812093 · Cited by 178
No compelling evidence for a bilingual advantage in switching or that frequent language switching reduces switch cost
Paap, K. R., Myüz, H. A., Anders-Jefferson, R. T., Bockelman, M. F., Mikulinsky, R., & Sawi, O. M. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1248436 · Cited by 192
The effects of bilingualism on executive functions: an updated quantitative analysis
Grundy, J. G. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-020-00062-5 · Cited by 189
Ageing and bilingualism: Absence of a “bilingual advantage” in Stroop interference in a nonimmigrant sample
Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2011) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.604788 · Cited by 156
Is there a bilingual advantage on interference-control tasks? A multiverse meta-analysis of global reaction time and interference cost
Donnelly, S., Brooks, P. J., & Homer, B. D. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z · Cited by 169
Implicit and explicit language learning: conditions, processes, and knowledge in SLA and bilingualism
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-6736 · Cited by 156
Back to Basics: A Bilingual Advantage in Infant Visual Habituation
Singh, L., Fu, C. S. L., Rahman, A. A., Hameed, W. B., Sanmugam, S., Agarwal, P. K., Jiang, B., Chong, Y. S., Meaney, M. J., & Rifkin-Graboi, A. E. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12271 · Cited by 155
Linguistic contributions to speech-on-speech masking for native and non-native listeners: Language familiarity and semantic content
Brouwer, S. M., Engen, K. J. V., Calandruccio, L., & Bradlow, A. R. (2012) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.3675943 · Cited by 152
Where is the bilingual advantage in task-switching?
Hernández, M., Martin, C. D., Barceló, F., & Costa, A. (2013) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2013.06.004 · Cited by 165
Meta-Analysis Reveals a Bilingual Advantage That Is Dependent on Task and Age
Ware, A. T., Kirkovski, M., & Lum, J. A. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01458 · Cited by 171
Age-related effects over bilingual language control and executive control
Calabria, M., Branzi, F. M., Marne, P., Hernández, M., & Costa, A. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000138 · Cited by 149
Bilingualism interacts with domain in a working memory task: Evidence from aging.
Luo, L., Craik, F. I. M., Moreno, S., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0030875 · Cited by 145
Self-citation
Partially overlapping mechanisms of language and task control in young and older bilinguals.
Weissberger, G. H., Wierenga, C. E., Bondi, M. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0028281 · Cited by 148
The elusive link between language control and executive control: A case of limited transfer
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. H. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.821993 · Cited by 138
Does bilingualism shape inhibitory control in the elderly?
Antón, E., García, Y. F., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.04.007 · Cited by 150
Effects of bilingualism on the age of onset and progression of MCI and AD: Evidence from executive function tests.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Binns, M. A., Ossher, L., & Freedman, M. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000023 · Cited by 149
Self-citation
The role of sensory modality in age-related distraction: A critical review and a renewed view.
Guerreiro, M. J. S., Murphy, D. R., & Gerven, P. W. M. V. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020731 · Cited by 144
On the phantom-like appearance of bilingualism effects on neurocognition: (How) should we proceed?
Leivada, E., Westergaard, M. R., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Rothman, J. (2020) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728920000358 · Cited by 139
Sustained and transient language control in the bilingual brain
Wang, Y., Kuhl, P. K., Chen, C., & Dong, Q. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.055 · Cited by 133
Cognitive control, cognitive reserve, and memory in the aging bilingual brain
Grant, A. M., Dennis, N. A., & Li, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01401 · Cited by 136
Examining the effects of active versus inactive bilingualism on executive control in a carefully matched non-immigrant sample
de Bruin, A., Bak, T. H., & Sala, S. D. (2015) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.07.001 · Cited by 142
Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals.
Morales, J., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.807812 · Cited by 130
Cognitive control in bilinguals: Advantages in Stimulus–Stimulus inhibition
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000564 · Cited by 129
Cognitive benefits and costs of bilingualism in elementary school students: The case of mathematical word problems.
Kempert, S., Saalbach, H., & Hardy, I. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023619 · Cited by 148
The effects of bilingual growth on toddlers’ executive function
Crivello, C., Kuzyk, O., Rodrigues, M. L., Friend, M., Zesiger, P., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.004 · Cited by 152
A bilingual advantage for episodic memory in older adults
Schroeder, S. R., & Marian, V. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.669367 · Cited by 122
No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals
Kirk, N. W., Fiala, L., Scott-Brown, K. C., & Kempe, V. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.929580 · Cited by 121
Flexibility in task switching by monolinguals and bilinguals
Wiseheart, M., Viswanathan, M., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000273 · Cited by 137
Self-citation
Inhibitory Control in Bilinguals and Musicians: Event Related Potential (ERP) Evidence for Experience-Specific Effects
Moreno, S., Wodniecka, Z., Tays, W. J., Alain, C., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094169 · Cited by 133
Self-citation
Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Gonzalez-Barrero, A. M., & Nadig, A. S. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12979 · Cited by 114
The Bilingual Advantage Debate
Paap, K. R. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119387725.ch34 · Cited by 119
Inhibition and Adjective Learning in Bilingual and Monolingual Children
Yoshida, H., Tran, D. N., Benitez, V. L., & Kuwabara, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00210 · Cited by 129
Executive function and bilingualism in young and older adults
Kousaie, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00250 · Cited by 130
Language and task switching in the bilingual brain: Bilinguals are staying, not switching, experts
Weissberger, G. H., Gollan, T. H., Bondi, M. W., Clark, L. R., & Wierenga, C. E. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.037 · Cited by 110
Flexibility in Bilingual Infants' Word Learning
Estes, K. G., & Hay, J. F. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12392 · Cited by 109
Bilingual advantage, bidialectal advantage or neither? Comparing performance across three tests of executive function in middle childhood
Roß, J., & Melinger, A. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12405 · Cited by 112
Bilingualism and Inhibitory Control Influence Statistical Learning of Novel Word Forms
Bartolotti, J., Marian, V., Schroeder, S. R., & Shook, A. (2011) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00324 · Cited by 105
Verbal and nonverbal cognitive control in bilinguals and interpreters.
Woumans, E., Ceuleers, E., der Linden, L. V., Szmalec, A., & Duyck, W. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000107 · Cited by 117
Attention during visual search: The benefit of bilingualism
Friesen, D. C., Latman, V. V., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006914534331 · Cited by 106
Self-citation
Effects of Music Training on Inhibitory Control and Associated Neural Networks in School-Aged Children: A Longitudinal Study
Hennessy, S., Sachs, M. E., Ilari, B. S., & Habibi, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01080 · Cited by 127
The impact of bilingualism on executive functions and working memory in young adults
Antón, E., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206770 · Cited by 126
An individual differences approach to semantic cognition: Divergent effects of age on representation, retrieval and selection
Hoffman, P. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26569-0 · Cited by 109

Authors: Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
Rotman Research Institute (CA)
ORCID: Bialystok, Ellen
Craik, Fergus
Luk, Gigi
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 859-873
ISSN: 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
1939-1285
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859
OpenAlex: W2144440751
Semantic Scholar: 2db0c6e9b5e6c25d0b0340d76ecef4edd7d5fe8f
Cited by: 925
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 14.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2009-04-20)
Open access: green
nrs.harvard.edu
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-57842)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: bilingualism, aging, cognitive control, executive function, word retrieval, lexical access, working memory, older adults, monolinguals, bilingual advantage
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aging, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Vocabulary, Multilingualism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks