Global–local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: Beyond inhibition.
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In 3 experiments, a total of 151 monolingual and bilingual 6-year-old children performed similarly on measures of language and cognitive ability; however, bilinguals solved the global-local and trail-making tasks more rapidly than monolinguals. This bilingual advantage was found not only for the traditionally demanding conditions (incongruent global-local trials and Trails B) but also for the conditions not usually considered to be cognitively demanding (congruent global-local trials and Trails A). All the children performed similarly when congruent trials were presented in a single block or when perceptually simple stimuli were used, ruling out speed differences between the groups. The results demonstrate a bilingual advantage in processing complex stimuli in tasks that require executive processing components for conflict resolution, including switching and updating, even when no inhibition appears to be involved. They also suggest that simple conditions of the trail-making and global-local tasks involve some level of effortful processing for young children. Finally, the bilingual advantage in the trail-making task suggests that the interpretation of standardized measures of executive control needs to be reconsidered for children with specific experiences, such as bilingualism.
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- Authors
- Bialystok, E.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bialystok, Ellen
- ORCID
- Bialystok, Ellen
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-105
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC2805165
- OpenAlex
- W2038832340
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 12.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01HD052523)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (A2559)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- bilingualism, bilingual advantage, executive function, Trail Making Test, inhibition, conflict resolution, cognitive flexibility, task switching, working memory updating, young children, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Child, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psycholinguistics, Reaction Time, Statistics as Topic, Trail Making Test, Verbal Behavior, Vocabulary, Confidence Intervals, Multilingualism, Executive Function
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