How recall facilitates subsequent recall: A reappraisal.
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In Roediger & Karpicke's (2006a) experiment, repeated study was more effective than prior testing when the retention interval preceding the final criterial test was short.
“Specifically, in Roediger & Karpicke's (2006a) experiment, repeated study was more effective than prior testing when the retention interval preceding the final criterial test was short (see also Thompson et al. 1978).”
From Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning (2021) · cites this paper as Thompson et al. 1978
Cites
Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates
Allen, G. A., Mahler, W. A., & Estes, W. K. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80090-3 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Effects of prior free recall testing on final recall and recognition.
Darley, C. F., & Murdock, B. B. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031836 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x · Cited by 2,867 · see citing works
The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x · Cited by 2,037 · see citing works
The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention
Roediger, H. L., & Butler, A. C. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003 · Cited by 1,796 · see citing works
The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: A meta-analytic review of the testing effect.
Rowland, C. A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037559 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances motor skill learning.
Winstein, C. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.677 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Learning Versus Performance: An Integrative Review
Soderstrom, N. C., & Bjork, R. A. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615569000 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention
Kang, S. H. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2007) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440601056620 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Repeated testing produces superior transfer of learning relative to repeated studying.
Butler, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0019902 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.704 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Testing improves long-term retention in a simulated classroom setting
Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L. (2007) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701326097 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
The effects of tests on learning and forgetting.
Carpenter, S. K., Pashler, H., Wixted, J. T., & Vul, E. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.2.438 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Why tests appear to prevent forgetting: A distribution-based bifurcation model
Kornell, N., Bjork, R. A., & Garcia, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.04.002 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
(2010) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(10)53003-2 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Retention of Spanish vocabulary over 8 years.
Bahrick, H. P., & Phelphs, E. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.2.344 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Retrieval-Based Learning: A Decade of Progress
Karpicke, J. D. (2017) · Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21055-9 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Testing Effect and the Retention Interval: Questions and Answers
Toppino, T. C., & Cohen, M. S. (2009) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.252 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning
McDermott, K. B. (2021) · Annual review of psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051019 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Presentation- and test-trial effects on acquisition and retention of distance and location.
Hagman, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.2.334 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Zhao, W., Li, A., Shanks, D. R., Hu, X., Luo, L., & Yang, C. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10024-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Thompson, C. P., Wenger, S. K., & Bartling, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Kansas State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
- Published
- 1978-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 210-221
- ISSN
- 0096-1515 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060350738
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- memory retrieval, memory reactivation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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