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Cited by 194Memory and Neural MechanismsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlStress Responses and Cortisol

Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat.

Iwata, Jiro, LeDoux, Joseph E.·1988·Behavioral Neuroscience
DOI 10.1037/0735-7044.102.1.66
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Abstract

An acoustic stimulus previously paired with footshock elicits stereotyped increases in arterial pressure and heart rate and induces freezing behavior in freely behaving rats. Although the arterial pressure and freezing responses differ between groups given paired and random presentations of the tone and shock, the increases in heart rate do not. These observations, if taken at face value, suggest that the arterial pressure and freezing responses reflect associative learning but that the heart rate change is a nonassociative or a pseudoconditioned response. In this article we describe three experiments aimed at determining why the CS elicits similar increases in heart rate in groups given paired and random training. The first study demonstrates that regardless of the pseudoconditioning control procedure used (random, backwards, shock-alone, or naive), the same pattern of results is obtained: the increases in arterial pressure are greater in the paired than in each control group, but the heart rate rises to the same extent in all groups. The second study determined that the context in which the responses are tested (conditioning apparatus vs. novel test chamber) does not affect the general pattern of results obtained. The third study demonstrates that the superficially similar increases in heart rate in conditioned and pseudoconditioned rats are achieved by different physiological mechanisms: coactivation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in conditioned rats and sympathetic excitation alone in pseudoconditioned rats. Thus, the heart is influenced by associative emotional processes, but heart rate is not, under these conditions, a particularly useful index of those influences.

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  • When rats were conditioned to expect an electric shock, unrestrained compared to restrained rats showed greater sympathetic arousal and lower blood pressure reactivity prior to an electric shock.

    “Iwata and LeDoux (1988) found that when rats were conditioned to expect an electric shock, their physiological responses changed based on whether they were unrestrained (and escape was presumably possible) versus restrained (with no possibility of escape). Unrestrained compared to restrained rats showed greater sympathetic arousal and lower blood pressure reactivity prior to an electric shock,”

    From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Iwata and LeDoux, 1988

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Authors
Iwata, J., & LeDoux, J. E.
Affiliations
Cornell University (US)
ORCID
LeDoux, Joseph E.
Venue
Behavioral Neuroscience
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1988
Volume
102
Issue
1
Pages
66-76
ISSN
  • 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0084
DOI
10.1037/0735-7044.102.1.66
OpenAlex
W2022269251
Cited by
194
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI
10.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-18794)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH38774)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
classical fear conditioning, pseudoconditioning, heart rate, arterial pressure, freezing behavior, acoustic stimulus, footshock, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, associative learning, non-associative learning, emotional arousal
MeSH terms
Animals, Association Learning, Blood Pressure, Conditioning, Classical, Fear, Heart Rate, Learning, Male, Pulse, Rats, Inbred Strains, Reference Values, Rats

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