Prefrontal Regulation of Threat-Elicited Behaviors: A Pathway to Translation
Open accessAbstract
Regions of the prefrontal and cingulate cortices play important roles in the regulation of behaviors elicited by threat. Dissecting out their differential involvement will greatly increase our understanding of the varied etiology of symptoms of anxiety. I review evidence for altered activity within the major divisions of the prefrontal cortex, including orbitofrontal, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and ventromedial sectors, along with the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with clinical anxiety. This review is integrated with a discussion of current knowledge about the causal role of these different prefrontal and cingulate regions in threat-elicited behaviors from experimental studies in rodents and monkeys. I highlight commonalities and inconsistencies between species and discuss the current state of our translational success in relating findings across species. Finally, I identify key issues that, if addressed, may improve that success in the future.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Even for regions with greater anatomical similarity such as medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex, the extent to which anatomical similarity reflects functional homology or analogy is unclear.
“Indeed, even for those regions where greater anatomical similarity exists (e.g., mPFC/ACC), the extent to which anatomical similarity reflects functional homology or analogy is unclear [9,18].”
From Prefrontal cortex and depression (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Attentional inflexibility dependent on vlPFC can lead to difficulty disengaging from threat-related stimuli and negative bias in monkeys, including disrupted approach-avoidance decision making.
“attentional inflexibility, dependent upon vlPFC [207] could lead to difficulty disengaging from threatrelated stimuli and a resulting negative bias in monkeys [9] including a disruption in approach-avoidance decision making.”
From Prefrontal cortex and depression (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881 · see citing works
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444 · see citing works
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model
Menon, V. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003 · Cited by 4,168 · see citing works
Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Hyperactivity of the amygdala and insula during task performance, as well as at rest, suggests that these changes may act as a final common pathway across anxiety disorders (Etkin & Wager 2007).”
BackgroundResultThe open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.
Prut, L., & Belzung, C. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01272-x · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
Ongur, D. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.206 · Cited by 2,627 · see citing works
Greicius, M. D., Flores, B. H., Menon, V., Glover, G. H., Solvason, H. B., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.020 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders
Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83 · Cited by 2,083 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…cingulate (pgACC), subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC), and more extensively throughout the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (for review see Shin & Liberzon 2010), while overactivity is commonly reported in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex…”
BackgroundOchsner, K. N., Silvers, J. A., & Buhle, J. T. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
Balleine, B. W., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.131 · Cited by 1,775 · see citing works
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review
Broyd, S. J., Demanuele, C., Debener, S., Helps, S. K., James, C. J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002 · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works
Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts
Dias, R., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380069a0 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Self-citationPhasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety
Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.109 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works
Milad, M. R., Wright, C. I., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Quirk, G. J., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.011 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Sierra-Mercado, D., Padilla-Coreano, N., & Quirk, G. J. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.184 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Anxiety, defence and the elevated plus-maze.
Rodgers, R., & Dalvi, A. (1997) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00058-9 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
Paré, D., Quirk, G. J., & Ledoux, J. E. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00153.2004 · Cited by 841 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…andmore recently the habenula, along with downstream pathways in the brainstem, in the acquisition and expression of physiological and behavioral responses to innate and learned environmental threat (for reviews see LeDoux 2000, Paré et al. 2004, Davis et al. 2010, Krabbe et al. 2018, Tye 2018).”
BackgroundExamining emotion regulation in depression: A review and future directions
Joormann, J., & Stanton, C. H. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.007 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Monk, C. S., Telzer, E. H., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Mai, X., Louro, H. M. C., Chen, G., McClure-Tone, E. B., Ernst, M., & Pine, D. S. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.568 · Cited by 682 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…is commonly reported in SAD and GAD in adolescents, especially with respect to altered connectivity with the amygdala, although the direction of change and the precise nature of the relationship are task dependent (Monk et al. 2006, 2008; Guyer et al. 2008; Britton et al. 2011; Hu & Dolcos 2017).”
BackgroundDo Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered
Preuss, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Observational fear learning involves affective pain system and Cav1.2 Ca2+ channels in ACC
Jeon, D., Kim, S., Chetana, M., Jo, D., Ruley, H. E., Lin, S.-Y., Rabah, D., Kinet, J.-P., & Shin, H.-S. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2504 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus.
Brown, J. S., Kalish, H. I., & Farber, I. E. (1951) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060166 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research
Kraines, S. H. (1975) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.132.4.467 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Fear extinction in rats: Implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders
Milad, M. R., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., & Quirk, G. J. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.008 · Cited by 597 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Failure or slowed ability to extinguish is a marker of impaired regulation and is argued to be highly relevant to those disorders such as PTSD, phobias, and panic disorder in which threat responses appear unregulated (Milad et al. 2006, Admon et al. 2013).”
BackgroundActivity in Prelimbic Cortex Is Necessary for the Expression of Learned, But Not Innate, Fears
Corcoran, K., & Quirk, G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5327-06.2007 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Functional network dysfunction in anxiety and anxiety disorders
Sylvester, C. M., Corbetta, M., Raichle, M. E., Rodebaugh, T. L., Schlaggar, B. L., Sheline, Y. I., Zorumski, C. F., & Lenze, E. J. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.012 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Patel, R., Spreng, R. N., Shin, L. M., & Girard, T. A. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.003 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework
Braunstein, L. M., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx096 · Cited by 539 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…automatic and goal-directed strategies that regulate emotional responding (Ochsner & Gross 2005,Hartley & Phelps 2010, Okon-Singer et al. 2015, Braunstein et al. 2017), and executive functions such as working memory, attentional set-shifting, and response inhibition have all been hypothesized…”
BackgroundThe Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Conditioning and Extinction of Fear
Giustino, T. F., & Maren, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00298 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Roles of NMDA NR2B Subtype Receptor in Prefrontal Long-Term Potentiation and Contextual Fear Memory
Zhao, M., Toyoda, H., Lee, Y., Wu, L., Ko, S. W., Zhang, X.-H., Jia, Y., Shum, F. W. F., Xu, H., Li, B.-M., et al. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.014 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Kalisch, R., Korenfeld, E., Stephan, K. E., Weiskopf, N., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2021-06.2006 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.121 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Seidlitz, J., Váša, F., Shinn, M., Romero-García, R., Whitaker, K. J., Vértes, P. E., Wagstyl, K., Reardon, P. K., CLASEN, L. S., Liu, S., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.039 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
A Role for the Human Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Fear Expression
Milad, M. R., Quirk, G. J., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Fischl, B., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.032 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Basomedial amygdala mediates top-down control of anxiety and fear
Adhikari, A., Lerner, T. N., Finkelstein, J., Pak, S., Jennings, J. H., Davidson, T. J., Ferenczi, E., Gunaydin, L. A., Mirzabekov, J. J., Ye, L., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15698 · Cited by 485 · cited 3× · see citing works
“F or p er so na l u se o nl y. 2016,Gasull-Camós et al. 2017) or subjective day (Adhikari et al. 2015).”
BackgroundResultLearned helplessness in the rat.
Seligman, M. E., & Beagley, G. (1975) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076430 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Forward frontal fields: phylogeny and fundamental function
Wise, S. P. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.08.008 · Cited by 478 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of an animal’s threat responsiveness (Figure 2a), regardless of whether the interventions are excitotoxic lesions of agranular insula (AI)/DLO, LO (Lacroix et al. 2000, Zelinski et al. 2010), DLO (Ray et al. 2018), or LO-VO (Costanzi et al. 2014), or inactivation of LO (Sarlitto et al. 2018).”
BackgroundIzquierdo, A., Wellman, C. L., & Holmes, A. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0474-06.2006 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., Blair, R. J. R., Chen, G., Charney, D. S., Ernst, M., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1091 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Opponency revisited: competition and cooperation between dopamine and serotonin
Boureau, Y.-L., & Dayan, P. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.151 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
What, If Anything, Is Rodent Prefrontal Cortex?
Laubach, M., Amarante, L. M., Swanson, K., & White, S. R. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0315-18.2018 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Attention and Anxiety: Different Attentional Functioning Under State and Trait Anxiety
Pacheco-Unguetti, A. P., Acosta, A., Callejas, A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359624 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., Van Damme, S., & Wiersema, J. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.011 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Rudebeck, P. H., & Murray, E. A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.049 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
PRICE, J. L. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1401.008 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Prefrontal mechanisms of behavioral flexibility, emotion regulation and value updating
Rudebeck, P. H., Saunders, R. C., Prescott, A. T., Chau, L. S., & Murray, E. A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3440 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Okon-Singer, H., Hendler, T., Pessoa, L., & Shackman, A. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Guyer, A. E., Lau, J. Y. F., McClure-Tone, E. B., Parrish, J., Shiffrin, N. D., Reynolds, R. C., Chen, G., Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., Fox, N. A., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1303 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Neubert, F.-X., Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1410767112 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces an aversive teaching signal
Johansen, J. P., & Fields, H. L. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1207 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Petrides, M., Tomaiuolo, F., Yeterian, E. H., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2011) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.07.002 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Cytoarchitecture of mouse and rat cingulate cortex with human homologies
Vogt, B. A., & Paxinos, G. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0493-3 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Functional anatomy of ventromedial prefrontal cortex: implications for mood and anxiety disorders
Myers-Schulz, B., & Koenigs, M. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.88 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, M. P., Bullmore, E. T., & Sporns, O. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.001 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex Is a Critical Hub for Pain-Induced Depression
Barthas, F., Sellmeijer, J., Hugel, S., Waltisperger, E., Barrot, M., & Yalçın, İ. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.004 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Bari, A., Theobald, D. E., Caprioli, D., Mar, A. C., Aidoo-Micah, A., Dalley, J. W., & Robbins, T. W. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.233 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Circuit-Based Corticostriatal Homologies Between Rat and Primate
Heilbronner, S. R., Rodríguez-Romaguera, J., Quirk, G. J., Groenewegen, H. J., & Haber, S. N. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.012 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Fear extinction in the human brain: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies in healthy participants
Fullana, M. A., Albajes-Eizagirre, A., Soriano-Mas, C., Vervliet, B., Cardoner, N., Benet, O., Radua, J., & Harrison, B. J. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.002 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
MURPHY, F. C., MICHAEL, A., ROBBINS, T. W., & SAHAKIAN, B. J. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702007018 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Autonomic responses of autistic children to people and objects
Hirstein, W., Iversen, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1724 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
The Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., Majka, P., Merlin, S., & Rosa, M. G. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2023-0-50877-8 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Development of anxiety: the role of threat appraisal and fear learning
Britton, J. C., Lissek, S. M., Grillon, C., Norcross, M. A., & Pine, D. S. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20733 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Active Avoidance Learning Requires Prefrontal Suppression of Amygdala-Mediated Defensive Reactions
Moscarello, J. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2596-12.2013 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Admon, R., Milad, M. R., & Hendler, T. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.05.005 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Localized microstimulation of primate pregenual cingulate cortex induces negative decision-making
Amemori, K.-I., & Graybiel, A. M. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3088 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits Regulate Associative Fear Conditioning
Krabbe, S., Gründemann, J., & Lüthi, A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.006 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Human vulnerability to stress depends on amygdala's predisposition and hippocampal plasticity
Admon, R., Lubin, G., Stern, O., Rosenberg, K., Lee, S.-L., Ben-Ami, H., & Hendler, T. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903183106 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Neural Circuit Motifs in Valence Processing
Tye, K. M. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.001 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Attentional disengagement predicts stress recovery in depression: An eye-tracking study.
Sánchez-López, Á., Vázquez, C., Marker, C. D., LeMoult, J., & Joormann, J. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031529 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Jinks, A., & McGregor, I. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00810-x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Grillon, C., & Davis, M. E. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02389.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Neural structures mediating expression and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance
Bravo-Rivera, C., Roman-Ortiz, C., Brignoni-Perez, E., Sotres-Bayon, F., & Quirk, G. J. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0191-14.2014 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Makovac, E., Meeten, F., Watson, D. R., Herman, A. M., Garfinkel, S. N., Critchley, H., & Ottaviani, C. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.013 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Shah, A. A., & Treit, D. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02299-6 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Iwata, J., & LeDoux, J. E. (1988) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.102.1.66 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Individual differences in reappraisal effectiveness: The role of affective flexibility.
Malooly, A. M., Genet, J. J., & Siemer, M. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0029980 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Biases in visual orienting to negative and positive scenes in dysphoria: an eye movement study.
Caseras, X., Garner, M., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.3.491 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Roberts, A., Tomic, D. L., Parkinson, C. H., Roeling, T. A. P., Cutter, D. J., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21300 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse to Learned Threat: An fMRI Study in Adolescent and Adult Anxiety
Britton, J. C., Grillon, C., Lissek, S. M., Norcross, M. A., Szuhany, K. L., Chen, G., Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Leibenluft, E., Shechner, T., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12050651 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Rich, E. L., & Shapiro, M. L. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0369-07.2007 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Specializations for reward-guided decision-making in the primate ventral prefrontal cortex
Murray, E. A., & Rudebeck, P. H. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0013-4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Differential role of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices in fear and anxiety.
Lacroix, L. P., Spinelli, S., Heidbreder, C. A., et al. (2000) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.114.6.1119 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Fronto-limbic and autonomic disjunctions to negative emotion distinguish schizophrenia subtypes
Williams, L. M., Das, P., Liddell, B. J., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A. S., David, A. S., Gordon, E., & Harris, A. W. F. (2007) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.12.018 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Neuroethological studies of fear, anxiety, and risky decision-making in rodents and humans
Mobbs, D., & Kim, J. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.06.005 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulates the Efficiency of Amygdala-Dependent Fear Learning
Bissière, S., Plachta, N., Hoyer, D., McAllister, K. H., Olpe, H.-R., Grace, A. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.022 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Oathes, D. J., Patenaude, B., Schatzberg, A. F., & Etkin, A. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.006 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Maier, S. F. (2015) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Distinct contributions of frontal areas to emotion and social behaviour in the rat
Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Millette, B. H. P., Shirley, E., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Bannerman, D. M. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05844.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lang, P. J., McTeague, L. M., & Bradley, M. M. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12462 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Parcellating Cerebral Cortex: How Invasive Animal Studies Inform Noninvasive Mapmaking in Humans
Essen, D. C. V., & Glasser, M. F. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Reward-Dependent Modulation of Working Memory in Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Kennerley, S. W., & Wallis, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5353-08.2009 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Orsini, C. A., Trotta, R. T., Bizon, J. L., & Setlow, B. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3586-14.2015 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Functional Connectivity between Amygdala and Cingulate Cortex for Adaptive Aversive Learning
Klavir, O., Genud-Gabai, R., & Paz, R. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.035 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Alexander, L., Gaskin, P. L. R., Sawiak, S. J., Fryer, T. D., Hong, Y. T., Cockcroft, G. J., Clarke, H. F., & Roberts, A. C. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.021 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing brains by matching connectivity profiles
Mars, R. B., Verhagen, L., Gladwin, T. E., Neubert, F.-X., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.008 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Wallis, C. U., Cardinal, R. N., Alexander, L., Roberts, A. C., & Clarke, H. F. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620115114 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain structural changes as vulnerability factors and acquired signs of post-earthquake stress
Sekiguchi, A., Sugiura, M., Taki, Y., Kotozaki, Y., Nouchi, R., Takeuchi, H., Araki, T., Hanawa, S., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.51 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms underlying heterogeneity in the presentation of anxious temperament
Shackman, A. J., Fox, A. S., Oler, J. A., Shelton, S. E., Davidson, R. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1214364110 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Role of Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Learning and Recall of Enhanced Extinction
Dunsmoor, J. E., Kroes, M. C. W., Li, J., Daw, N. D., Simpson, H. B., & Phelps, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2713-18.2019 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Mapping putative hubs in human, chimpanzee and rhesus macaque connectomes via diffusion tractography
Li, L., Hu, X., Preuss, T. M., Glasser, M. F., Damen, F. W., Qiu, Y., & Rilling, J. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.024 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Roseboom, P. H., Nanda, S. A., Bakshi, V. P., Trentani, A., Newman, S. M., & Kalin, N. H. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.10.002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Strawn, J. R., Wehry, A. M., Chu, W.-J., Adler, C. M., Eliassen, J. C., Cerullo, M. A., Strakowski, S. M., & DelBello, M. P. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22089 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Baratta, M. V., Zarza, C. M., Gomez, D. M., Campeau, S., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Enhanced excitability in the infralimbic cortex produces anxiety-like behaviors.
Bi, L.-L., Wang, J., Luo, Z.-Y., Chen, S., Geng, F., Chen, Y.-H., Li, S.-J., Yuan, C.-H., Lin, S., & Gao, T.-M. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.048 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Paniccia, M., Paniccia, D., Thomas, S. G., Taha, T., & Reed, N. P. (2017) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2017.08.008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cortical Thickness and Subcortical Gray Matter Volume in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
Gold, A. L., Steuber, E. R., White, L. K., Pacheco, J., Sachs, J. F., Pagliaccio, D., Berman, E., Leibenluft, E., & Pine, D. S. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.83 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Vogt, B. A., Hof, P. R., Zilles, K., Vogt, L. J., Herold, C., & Palomero‐Gallagher, N. (2013) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23409 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Agustín‐Pavón, C., Braesicke, K., Shiba, Y., Santangelo, A. M., Mikheenko, Y., Cockroft, G., Asma, F., Clarke, H. F., Man, M., & Roberts, A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurabin in the anterior cingulate cortex regulates anxiety-like behavior in adult mice
Kim, S. S., Wang, H., Li, X., Chen, T., Mercaldo, V., Descalzi, G., Wu, L., & Zhuo, M. (2011) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/1756-6606-4-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Rygula, R., Clarke, H. F., Cardinal, R. N., Cockcroft, G. J., Xia, J., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu102 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond the Medial Regions of Prefrontal Cortex in the Regulation of Fear and Anxiety
Shiba, Y., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00012 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationStern, C. A. J., Monte, F. H. D., Gazarini, L., Carobrez, A. P., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.080 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Antoniadis, E. A., Winslow, J., Davis, M., & Amaral, D. G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5643-06.2007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Panayi, M. C., & Killcross, S. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.37357 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Suzuki, S., Saitoh, A., Ohashi, M., Yamada, M., Oka, J., & Yamada, M. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.044 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hernandez, C. M., McQuail, J. A., Schwabe, M. R., Burke, S. N., Setlow, B., & Bizon, J. L. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0164-18.2018 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bissière, S., McAllister, K. H., Olpe, H.-R., & Cryan, J. F. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.022 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zelinski, E. L., Hong, N. S., Tyndall, A. V., Halsall, B., & McDonald, R. J. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2228-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Back to basics: Making predictions in the orbitofrontal–amygdala circuit
Sharpe, M. J., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.04.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shi, Q., Yang, L.-K., Shi, W., Wang, L., Zhou, S., Guan, S., Zhao, M., & Yang, Q. (2017) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-017-0318-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gasull-Camós, J., Tarrés-Gatius, M., Artigas, F., & Castañé, A. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Anatomic Insights into Disrupted Small-World Networks in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Suo, X., Lei, D., Chen, F., Wu, M. C., Li, L., Sun, L., Wei, X., Zhu, H., Li, L., Kemp, G. J., et al. (2016) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2016160907 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying the early risk to develop anxiety and depression: A translational approach
Kalin, N. H. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Focus on the Functions of Area 25
Alexander, L., Clarke, H. F., & Roberts, A. (2019) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci9060129 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationClarke, H. F., Horst, N. K., & Roberts, A. C. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1422440112 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationResting State Correlates of Subdimensions of Anxious Affect
Bijsterbosch, J. D., Smith, S. M., Forster, S., John, O. P., & Bishop, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00512 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Aylward, J., Hales, C., Robinson, E., & Robinson, O. J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718004117 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Romaguera, J., Do-Monte, F. H., Tanimura, Y., Quirk, G. J., & Haber, S. N. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.20 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Uncoupling of behavioral and autonomic responses after lesions of the primate orbitofrontal cortex
Reekie, Y., Braesicke, K., Man, M., & Roberts, A. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800417105 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry in regulating the expression of contextual fear memory.
Stevenson, C. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Klavir, O., Genud-Gabai, R., & Paz, R. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6481-11.2012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Carlisi, C. O., & Robinson, O. J. (2018) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212818774223 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Shiba, Y., Kim, C. R., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00250 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMoench, K. M., Maroun, M., Kavushansky, A., & Wellman, C. (2016) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.12.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hu, Y., & Dolcos, S. M. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Modulation of attention and action in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats.
Sharpe, M. J., & Killcross, S. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000118 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Learned stressor resistance requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the prefrontal cortex
Christianson, J. P., Flyer-Adams, J. G., Drugan, R. C., Amat, J., Daut, R. A., Foilb, A. R., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00348 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Zimmermann, K. S., Li, C.-C., Rainnie, D. G., Ressler, K. J., & Gourley, S. L. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.139 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Inactivation of the Ventrolateral Orbitofrontal Cortex Impairs Flexible Use of Safety Signals
Sarlitto, M. C., Foilb, A. R., & Christianson, J. P. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.037 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Depressed mood enhances anxiety to unpredictable threat
Robinson, O. J., Overstreet, C. M., Letkiewicz, A. M., & Grillon, C. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002583 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Converging Prefronto-Insula-Amygdala Pathways in Negative Emotion Regulation in Marmoset Monkeys
Shiba, Y., Oikonomidis, L., Sawiak, S. J., Fryer, T. D., Hong, Y. T., Cockcroft, G. J., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationWellman, C. L., & Moench, K. M. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5023-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Competition between endogenous and exogenous attention to nonemotional stimuli in social anxiety.
Moriya, J., & Tanno, Y. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0016817 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zeredo, J. L. L., Quah, S. K. L., Wallis, C. U., Alexander, L., Cockcroft, G. J., Santangelo, A. M., Xia, J., Shiba, Y., Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2451-18.2018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationWallis, C. U., Cockcroft, G. J., Cardinal, R. N., Roberts, A. C., & Clarke, H. F. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHeightened Defensive Responses Following Subtotal Lesions of Macaque Orbitofrontal Cortex
Pujara, M. S., Rudebeck, P. H., Ciesinski, N. K., & Murray, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2812-18.2019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Serotonergic, Brain Volume and Attentional Correlates of Trait Anxiety in Primates
Mikheenko, Y., Shiba, Y., Sawiak, S. J., Braesicke, K., Cockcroft, G. J., Clarke, H. F., & Roberts, A. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.324 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain transcriptome atlases: a computational perspective
Mahfouz, A. E., Huisman, S. M. H., Lelieveldt, B. P. F., & Reinders, M. J. T. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1338-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lateral orbitofrontal cortex partitions mechanisms for fear regulation and alcohol consumption
Ray, M. H., Hanlon, E. L., & McDannald, M. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Palomero‐Gallagher, N., & Zilles, K. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374245-2.00022-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Birn, R. M., Shackman, A. J., Oler, J. A., Williams, L. E., McFarlin, D. R., Rogers, G. M., Shelton, S. E., Alexander, A. L., Pine, D. S., Slattery, M. J., et al. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.85 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Costanzi, M., Saraulli, D., Cannas, S., Dâ€TMAlessandro, F., Florenzano, F., Rossi‐Arnaud, C., & Cestari, V. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00279 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coplan, J. D., Webler, R. D., Gopinath, S., Abdallah, C. G., & Mathew, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Croteau, J. D., Schulkin, J. A., & Shepard, J. D. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.055 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [103]103. Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K. 2015. Isocortex. In The Rat Nervous System, ed. G Paxinos, pp. 601-25. Amsterdam: Elsevier
- [110]110. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1998. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 4th ed.
- [111]111. Paxinos G, Watson C. 2013. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 7th ed.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prefrontal cortex and depression
Pizzagalli, D. A., & Roberts, A. C. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01101-7 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Self-citationDuan, L. Y., Horst, N. K., Cranmore, S. A. W., Horiguchi, N., Cardinal, R. N., Roberts, A. C., & Robbins, T. W. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationStawicka, Z. M., Massoudi, R., Horst, N. K., Koda, K., Gaskin, P. L. R., Alexander, L., Santangelo, A. M., McIver, L., Cockcroft, G. J., Wood, C. M., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2009657117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPang, F., Yang, Y., Huang, S., Yang, Z., Zhu, Z., Liao, D., Guo, X., Zhou, M., Li, Y., & Tang, C. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030436 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Roberts, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, Angela C.
- ORCID
- Roberts, Angela C.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-01-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 357-387
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2981293325
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, anxiety, orbitofrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, translational research, rodent models, nonhuman primate model, species differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Fear, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
