Variety is the spice of life: a psychological construction approach to understanding variability in emotion
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There is remarkable variety in emotional life. Not all mental states referred to by the same word (e.g., "fear") look alike, feel alike, or have the same neurophysiological signature. Variability has been observed within individuals over time, across individuals from the same culture, and of course across cultures. In this paper, I outline an approach to understanding the richness and diversity of emotional life. This model, called the conceptual act model, is not only well suited to explaining individual differences in the frequency and quality of emotion, but it also suggests the counter-intuitive view that the variety in emotional life extends past the boundaries of events that are conventionally called "emotion" to other classes of psychological events that people call by different names, such as "cognitions". As a result, the conceptual act model is a unifying account of the broad variety of mental states that constitute the human mind.
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The loss of exquisite ability to detect internal states may make older participants more sensitive to environmental cues in determining their stress responses.
“Although theory and evidence suggest that environmental cues can strongly influence affective states and meaning (Barrett, 2009), the loss of exquisite ability to detect internal states may make older participants more sensitive to environmental cues in determining their stress responses.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Barrett, 2009
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IV.—PROF. JAMES’ THEORY OF EMOTION
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Barrett LF Bar M 2009 See it with feeling: Affective predictions in the human brain Royal Society Philosophical Transactions B 364 1325 1334 PMC2666711 19528014
- Clore GL Ortony A 2008 Appraisal theories: How cognition shapes affect into emotion Lewis M Haviland-Jones JM Barrett LF Handbook of emotions 3rd 628 642 New York Guilford Press
- Frijda NH 1986 The emotions Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press
- Fulkerson AL Waxman SR Seymour JM 2006 Linking object names and object categories: Words (but not tones) facilitate object categorization in 6- and 12-month-olds Bamman D Magnitskaia T Zaller C Supplement to the Proceedings of the 30th Boston University Conference on Language Development Boston Cascadilla Press
- Lindquist KA Barrett LF 2008b Emotional complexity Lewis M Haviland-Jones JM Barrett LF The handbook of emotion 3rd 513 530 New York Guilford Press
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
“Our meta-analytic findings were relatively more consistent with the psychological operations that we have considered ingredients of emotion here and in other papers (e.g., Barrett 2006b; 2009; Barrett et al. 2007a; Kober et al. 2008; Lindquist & Barrett 2008a; Wager et al. 2008).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMore than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
“Although theory and evidence suggest that environmental cues can strongly influence affective states and meaning (Barrett, 2009), the loss of exquisite ability to detect internal states may make older participants more sensitive to environmental cues in determining their stress responses.”
Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation
Hill, C. L. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026355 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Siegel, E. H., Sands, M. K., Van den Noortgate, W., Condon, P., Chang, Y., Dy, J., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000128 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Self-citationreconstructing the past: a century of ideas about emotion in psychology
Gendron, M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909338877 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research
Hutchinson, J. B., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419831992 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationWas Darwin Wrong About Emotional Expressions?
Barrett, L. F. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429125 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Barrett, L. F., & Barsalou, L. W. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu037 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationHoemann, K., Nielson, C., Yuen, A., Gurera, J. W., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000327 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationKatzman, M., & Sternat, T. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s111818 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sex differences in the neural correlates of affective experience
Moriguchi, Y., Touroutoglou, A., Dickerson, B. C., & Barrett, L. F. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst030 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationThe future of emotion research in the study of psychopathology
Kring, A. M. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910361986 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ferrer, R. A., Green, P. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615576755 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationThe differences between suicide ideators and suicide attempters: simple, complicated, or complex
Huang, X., Ribeiro, J. D., & Franklin, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000498 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Stevenson, J. C., Emerson, L. M., McKinnon, K., & Millings, A. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221119409 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…aspects of one ’ s emotional landscape rather than reacting via emotional ‘ heuristics ’ based on past experiences may allow for a more accurate and nuanced understanding of those experiences (Barrett et al., 2009), ultimately leading into a more balanced and better regulated emotional response.”
- Authors
- Barrett, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barrett, Lisa Feldman
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-09-29
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1284-1306
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC2835153
- OpenAlex
- W2153040277
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 20.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD003312)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG030311)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Keywords
- emotional variability, emotions, individual differences in emotion, cross-cultural emotion, emotion and cognition, mental states, psychological construction
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