Cited by 1,806Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAttachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily Dynamics and Relationships

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Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

Funk, Janette L., Rogge, Ronald D.·2007·Journal of Family Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572

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Abstract

The present study took a critical look at a central construct in couples research: relationship satisfaction. Eight well-validated self-report measures of relationship satisfaction, including the Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; H. J. Locke & K. M. Wallace, 1959), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; G. B. Spanier, 1976), and an additional 75 potential satisfaction items, were given to 5,315 online participants. Using item response theory, the authors demonstrated that the MAT and DAS provided relatively poor levels of precision in assessing satisfaction, particularly given the length of those scales. Principal-components analysis and item response theory applied to the larger item pool were used to develop the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) scales. Compared with the MAS and the DAS, the CSI scales were shown to have higher precision of measurement (less noise) and correspondingly greater power for detecting differences in levels of satisfaction. The CSI scales demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of satisfaction and excellent construct validity with anchor scales from the nomological net surrounding satisfaction, suggesting that they assess the same theoretical construct as do prior scales. Implications for research are discussed.

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Derrick, J. L., Britton, M., Baker, Z. G., & Haddad, S. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.026 · Cited by 26
Does Who I Am or How I Regulate Matter? Consequences of Manipulation of Emotion Regulation Strategies
Ali, S., & Alea, N. L. (2016) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415016682252 · Cited by 6
“The Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI; Funk & Rogge, 2007) is a 16-item global measure of relationship satisfaction (e.g., ‘‘How rewarding is your relationship with your partner?’’).”
Background
Air Force Chaplains’ Perceived Effectiveness on Service Member's Resilience and Satisfaction
Cafferky, B. M., Norton, A. M., & Travis, W. (2017) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2016.1250521 · Cited by 5
“The latent variable of relationship satisfaction was comprised of the 4-item Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) asking questions such as: “How rewarding is your relationship with your partner?””
Method
Do as I Say, Not as I Do? An Examination of the Relationship Between Partner Behaviors and Help Seeking for Alcohol Related Issues
Fleming, C. E. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2016.1160933 · Cited by 5
“Marital satisfaction was measured by the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-16; Funk & Rogge, 2007), which is a 16-item measure of satisfaction that has been shown to be more precise and powerful than other popular marital instruments such as the Marital Adjustment Test (Locke & Wallace, 1959) and the…”
Method
Measuring Relationship Satisfaction: Is it Possible for Black Gay Male Couples to be Satisfied in a Relationship?
Edwards, W. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1156983 · Cited by 5
Regretful Liaisons: Exploring the Role of Partner Regret in the Association Between Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction
Cunningham, K., German, N. M., & Mattson, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2014.915901 · Cited by 5
“Relationship Satisfaction The Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) was derived from item response theory (for a review, see Harvey & Hammer, 1999) analysis of several of the most widely used and wellvalidated measures of relationship satisfaction (as well as additional items created by the authors).”
Method
Disgusted by Vengeance: Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Lower Vengeance
Richman, S. B., DeWall, C., Pond, R. S., Lambert, N., & Fincham, F. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.9.831 · Cited by 5
“Participants answered the four-item version of the Couple Satisfaction Inventory (Funk & Rogge, 2007) about a close friend.”
Method
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMARTPHONE USE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
Kaiser, E. (2018) · doi:10.13023/etd.2018.115 · Cited by 5
“The 32-item Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) (Funk and Rogge, 2007) was designed to precisely measure relationship satisfaction for romantic couples.”
MethodInfluential
Parenting Styles in Military and Civilian Families with Adolescents: The Impact of Deployment, Mood, and Marital Satisfaction
Speck, M. K. A., & Riggs, D. S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21488-7_7 · Cited by 3
Can humans feel connected to AI? Perceived responsiveness drives social connection with AI chatbots
Telari, A., Gabbiadini, A., & Riva, P. (2026) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075261438164 · Cited by 8
“…of the interaction using eight bipolar adjective pairs (e.g., boring (cid:1) interesting, lonely (cid:1) friendly, empty (cid:1) full), rated on a 7-point scale, adapted from Funk and Rogge (2007), with higher scores indicating a more gratifying interaction experience (Cronbach ’ s α = .93).”
Paths to better emotion regulation in couple therapy: Exploring ACEs and attachment
Xu, M., Bradford, A. B., & Johnson, L. N. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2577211 · Cited by 4
A Case Example of a Female Veteran Completing Brief Cognitive Behavioral Conjoint Therapy Augmented With 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Morland, L., Knopp, K., Chargin, B., Wachsman, T., Khalifian, C., Perivoliotis, D., & Wagner, A. (2025) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.01.002 · Cited by 4
Prosociality as a means to buffer loneliness and strengthen well-being
Chee, P. X., Shimshock, C. J., & Le, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251344817 · Cited by 8
“Relationship quality was assessed with 16 items (e.g., “ Our relationship is strong ” ; ⍺ = .97; M = 3.73, SD = 1.13; Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
Influential
Power in friendships: How experienced and desired power are associated with relationship functioning
Körner, R., & Altmann, T. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251342704 · Cited by 5
“Relationship satisfaction is a speci ﬁ c construct that refers to how happy or content individuals are with their relationships (Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
Successful sexual aging: conceptualization and Bi-Country (Croatia and Germany) measure validation
Štulhofer, A., Pietras, L., Landripet, I., & Koletić, G. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-05899-5 · Cited by 7
“; [55]).”
Determinants of social participation in patients living with systemic lupus erythematosus: the Psy-LUP multicentre study
Manet, C., Aim, M., Queyrel, V., Faraut, J., Costedoat-Chalumeau, N., Daugas, E., Hachulla, E., Harlé, J., Huart, A., Hummel, A., et al. (2025) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2025-005661 · Cited by 4
“Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) , 34 which provides a global score to assess the satisfaction of the couple relationship as perceived by the respondent.”
Happily ever affluence: Dyadic analysis of money scripts, financial communication, and relationship satisfaction
LeBaron-Black, A. B., Li, X.-M., Wilmarth, M. J., Suxo-Sanchez, S. C., Archuleta, K. L., Yorgason, J. B., & Kong, D.-X. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251327316 · Cited by 4
“Relationship satisfaction ( α = wives: .95, husbands: .93) was measured using mean scores of four items from the Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) such as “ In general, how satis ﬁ ed are you with your relationship?”
The impact of Couple Relationship Education (CRE) on parents of young children’s couple functioning, family harmony, parenting and their children’s aggressive behaviour
Adler‐Baeder, F. M., McGill, J. M., Frosch, C. A., Wei, M., & Coskun, M. (2025) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2025.2452578 · Cited by 4
“A composite measure summing 10 items from three highly correlated ( r = .71 – .83) established assessments of couple functioning: the Quality of Marriage Index (Norton, 1983), the Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007), and the Confidence and Dedication Scale (Stanley & Markman, 1992) was used to assess couple…”
Expressed and Perceived Honesty Benefits Relationships Even When Couples Are Not Accurate
Le, B. M., Chee, P. X., Shimshock, C. J., & Le, J. (2025) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241312876 · Cited by 4
“As per Funk and Rogge (2007), each item had unique scale points and items were summed into a composite score ( a = .96; M = 128.86, SD = 25.66).”
Influential
Dyadic examination of parents' general psychological distress and coparenting in families with young children: The mediating role of couple satisfaction.
Güre, P., Gürmen, M., & Acar, I. (2024) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12739 · Cited by 4
Gottman's sound relationship house and relational resilience through infertility for couples
Brigance, C. A., Waalkes, P. L., Freedle, A., & Kim, S. R. (2024) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12736 · Cited by 7
In It Together: effects from a randomized controlled trial of a digital intervention for elderly individuals with sensory loss and their spouses
Øverup, C., & Hald, G. M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06351-4 · Cited by 4
“The 4-item version of the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI; Funk & Rogge, 2007) was used to measure relationship satisfaction, our secondary outcome.”
Do Demand-Withdrawal Communication Patterns During Sexual Conflict Predict Couples’ Relationship Satisfaction, Sexual Satisfaction, and Sexual Distress? An Observational and Prospective Study
Rosen, N. O., Dubé, J. P., Bosisio, M., & Bergeron, S. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2386997 · Cited by 4
“Relationship satisfaction was measured using the 16-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-16; Funk & Rogge, 2007), a measure with strong convergent and construct validity.”
Gender differences—or the lack thereof—in the prediction of relationship dissolution among unmarried mixed-gender couples from the United States
Johnson, M. D., Lavner, J. A., Stanley, S. M., & RHOADES, G. K. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241265063 · Cited by 5
“At Wave 1, relationship satisfaction was measured with one item from the Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007): “ Please indicate the degree of happiness, all things considered, of your relationship.”
Partner support behaviors and relationship quality in interracial and intraracial Black romantic relationships
From, A., Banks, J., & Edelstein, R. S. (2024) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12562 · Cited by 5
Family leisure and negative links between family of origin adversity and marital satisfaction
Wikle, J. S., Forbush, A., Yorgason, J. B., & Holmes, E. K. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13055 · Cited by 4
Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love
Langeslag, S. J. E. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14050383 · Cited by 5
“Relationship satisfaction can be assessed using items such as “How happy/satisfied are you in your relationship with___?” or using questionnaires such as the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) [18] or the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) [19].”
Method
The earlier couples first discussed finances, the better? A dyadic, longitudinal replication and extension
Saxey, M. T., LeBaron‐Black, A. B., Inman, N. F., Yorgason, J. B., & Holmes, E. K. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13030 · Cited by 4
Cognitive–behavioural conjoint therapy versus prolonged exposure for PTSD in military service members and veterans: results and lessons from a randomized controlled trial
Monson, C. M., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Wagner, A. C., Crenshaw, A. O., Blount, T. H., Schobitz, R., Dondanville, K., Young-McCaughan, S., Mintz, J., Riggs, D. S., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2330305 · Cited by 4
“The primary outcome measure of military member/ veteran relationship satisfaction was assessed using the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI; Funk & Rogge, 2007), a 32-item self-report measure.”
Method
Exploring the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 and Dyadic Associations Between Mental Health and Relational Dynamics in a Sample of Married Male Sexual Minority Couples
Parsons, L. E., Wei, M., Novak, J. R., de Almeida, G. V., Gast, J. A., & Peak, T. (2024) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-023-09693-6 · Cited by 3
“The four-item Couple Relationship Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) was used to assess couple satisfaction (sample item: “In general, how satisfied are you with your relationship?”).”
Examining Dyadic Stress Appraisal Processes Within Romantic Relationships from a Challenge and Threat Perspective
Peters, B. J., Overall, N. C., Gresham, A. M., Tudder, A., Chang, V. T., Reis, H. T., & Jamieson, J. P. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00235-3 · Cited by 6
“During the initial battery of questionnaires after the consent process, participants completed the 16-item couples satisfaction index (Funk & Rogge, 2007; M = 68.34, SD = 11.34, α = .939).”
MethodInfluential

Authors: Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D.
Affiliations: University of Rochester (US)
ORCID: Rogge, Ronald D.
Venue: Journal of Family Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 572-583
ISSN: 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
1939-1293
DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572
OpenAlex: W2116307289
Cited by: 1,806
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 108 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 19.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Rochester
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: relationship satisfaction, measurement precision, scale development, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, item response theory, convergent validity, construct validity, nomological network, couples
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychological Theory, Internet, Principal Component Analysis

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Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

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