Cited by 1,806Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAttachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily Dynamics and Relationships

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Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

Funk, Janette L., Rogge, Ronald D.·2007·Journal of Family Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572

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Abstract

The present study took a critical look at a central construct in couples research: relationship satisfaction. Eight well-validated self-report measures of relationship satisfaction, including the Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; H. J. Locke & K. M. Wallace, 1959), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; G. B. Spanier, 1976), and an additional 75 potential satisfaction items, were given to 5,315 online participants. Using item response theory, the authors demonstrated that the MAT and DAS provided relatively poor levels of precision in assessing satisfaction, particularly given the length of those scales. Principal-components analysis and item response theory applied to the larger item pool were used to develop the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) scales. Compared with the MAS and the DAS, the CSI scales were shown to have higher precision of measurement (less noise) and correspondingly greater power for detecting differences in levels of satisfaction. The CSI scales demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of satisfaction and excellent construct validity with anchor scales from the nomological net surrounding satisfaction, suggesting that they assess the same theoretical construct as do prior scales. Implications for research are discussed.

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Method
Time Spent Together in Intimate Relationships: Implications for Relationship Functioning
Hogan, J. N., Crenshaw, A. O., Baucom, K. J. W., & Baucom, B. R. (2021) · Contemporary family therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-020-09562-6 · Cited by 18
Too Stressed to Help? The Effects of Stress on Noticing Partner Needs and Enacting Support
Neff, L. A., Nguyen, T. T. T., & Williamson, H. C. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220974490 · Cited by 24
“Spouses who were married but did not participate in the diary task did not differ from spouses who provided diary data in their initial marital satisfaction (assessed via the 16-item Couples Satisfaction Index; Funk & Rogge, 2007), race, income, or employment.”
Associations between Partner’s Diet Undermining and Poor Diet in Mixed-Weight, Older Gay Married Couples: A Dyadic Mediation Model
Novak, J. R., Wilson, S. J., Gast, J., Miyairi, M., & Peak, T. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1836179 · Cited by 18
For better and worse? The roles of closeness, marital behavior, and age in spouses’ cardiometabolic similarity
Wilson, S. J., Peng, J., Andridge, R., Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Malarkey, W. B., Belury, M. A., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104777 · Cited by 22
“Administered at the first full-day visit before the marital disagreement discussion, the 32-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) assessed marital satisfaction (Funk and Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Challenging the Standard Model of Sexual Response: Evidence of a Variable Male Sexual Response Cycle
Busby, D. M., Leonhardt, N. D., Leavitt, C. E., & Hanna‐Walker, V. R. (2019) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1705960 · Cited by 23
Recommendations for the Study of Vulvar Pain in Women, Part 1: Review of Assessment Tools.
Rosen, N., Bergeron, S., & Pukall, C. (2019) · Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.10.023 · Cited by 18
“125 Participants respond to Likert-type scales to rate the quality of their relationship across several factors (eg, happiness, frequency of disagreements).”
Reinforcement sensitivity theory and relationship satisfaction via mastery
Shahzadi, K., & Walker, B. R. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.007 · Cited by 14
Is deployment status the critical determinant of psychosocial problems among reserve/guard soldiers?
Hoopsick, R. A., Homish, D. L., Collins, R. L., Nochajski, T. H., Read, J. P., & Homish, G. G. (2019) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000331 · Cited by 19
“Prior research has shown that the MAT has good internal consistency, α = 0.88 (Funk & Rogge, 2007), which was also true in the current sampleα = 0.79.”
MethodInfluential
The Qualities of Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples in Young Adulthood
Joyner, K., Manning, W. D., & Prince, B. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12535 · Cited by 18
More or Less: Newlyweds’ Preferred and Received Social Support, Affect, and Relationship Satisfaction
Lorenzo, J. M., Barry, R., & Khalifian, C. (2018) · Journal of family psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000440 · Cited by 18
“The CSI has demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of relationship satisfaction and improved measurement precision (Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Body Satisfaction During Pregnancy: The Role of Health-Related Habit Strength
Pullmer, R., Zaitsoff, S. L., & Cobb, R. (2018) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-017-2406-9 · Cited by 18
“The four-item version of the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4; Funk & Rogge 2007) was used to assess relationship satisfaction.”
Method
Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy does not increase the risk for adverse birth outcomes
Staneva, A., Morawska, A., Bogossian, F. E., & Wittkowski, A. (2017) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2017.1282395 · Cited by 20
“Women were asked about the quality of their relationship with their mother, as well as their relationship satisfaction with their partner (from The Couples Satisfaction Index, Funk and Rogge 2007) via 5-Likert scale questions with responses ranging between “poor” and “very happy.””
Method
The Online OurRelationship Program for Relationally Distressed Individuals: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Nowlan, K., Roddy, M. K., & Doss, B. (2017) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000080 · Cited by 18
“As measured by the fouritem Couples Satisfaction Index, 98% of participants presented to the study with relationship satisfaction in the distressed range ( 13.5; Funk & Rogge, 2007; M 6.32; SD 3.48).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fathers make a difference: positive relationships with mother and baby in relation to infant colic.
Alexander, C. P., Zhu, J., Paul, I., & Kjerulff, K. (2017) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12445 · Cited by 18
“We used a one-itemmeasure of relationship happiness from the Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge 2007).”
Method
Family environments and leukocyte transcriptome indicators of a proinflammatory phenotype in children and parents
Robles, T. F., Repetti, R. L., Reynolds, B. M., Chung, P. J., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Cole, S. W. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000591 · Cited by 18
“The 32-item Couples Satisfaction Inventory (CSI; Funk & Rogge, 2007) assessed marital satisfaction using Families and leukocyte gene expression 239 items with multiple formats and the possible range of scores is 0–161 (a ¼ 0.97).”
MethodInfluential
Fragebogen zur Partnerschaftsqualität: Quality of Marriage Index - Deutsche Version (QMI-D)
Zimmermann, T., Lause, M., & Heinrichs, N. (2015) · Verhaltenstherapie (Basel) · doi:10.1159/000371478 · Cited by 18
An Initial Examination of Commitment Uncertainty in Couple Therapy
Owen, J., Keller, B., Shuck, B., Luebcke, B., Knopp, K. C., & Rhoades, G. K. (2014) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000030 · Cited by 18
The Effects of Differentiation and Attachment on Satisfaction and Acculturation in Asian-White American International Couple Relationships: Assessment With Chinese, South Korean, and Japanese Partners in Relationships With White American Partners in the United States
Kim, H., Edwards, A. B., Sweeney, K. A., & Wetchler, J. L. (2012) · doi:10.1080/01926187.2011.616409 · Cited by 18
“Relationship satisfaction was measured using the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) (Funk & Rogge, 2007 ).”
Method
Women helping chewers: Effects of partner support on 12-month tobacco abstinence in a smokeless tobacco cessation trial.
Danaher, B., Lichtenstein, E., Andrews, J., Severson, H., Akers, L., & Barckley, M. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn022 · Cited by 18
Effects of a brief web-based interpersonal conflict cognitive reappraisal expressive-writing intervention on changes in romantic conflict during COVID-19 quarantine.
Rodriguez, L. M., Stewart, S. H., & Neighbors, C. (2021) · Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000173 · Cited by 18
Why is impaired sexual function distressing to men? Consequences of impaired male sexual function and their associations with sexual well-being
Stephenson, K. R., Truong, L., & Shimazu, L. (2018) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.07.014 · Cited by 17
“98) and high construct validity, correlating strongly with other scales that measure relationship satisfaction.(47) The Cronbach alpha in the current sample was .”
When couples fight about money, what do they fight about?
Peetz, J., Meloff, Z., & Royle, C. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231187897 · Cited by 19
“Participants ﬁ rst completed a demographic survey and the 16-item Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) on 6-point scales.”
MethodInfluential
Daily dyadic coping: Associations with postpartum sexual desire and sexual and relationship satisfaction
Schwenck, G. C., Dawson, S. J., Allsop, D. B., & Rosen, N. O. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221107393 · Cited by 19
“Relationship satisfaction was assessed daily using the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4; Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Role of Intimate Partner Violence, Couple Dissatisfaction and Parenting Behaviors in Understanding Parental Burnout
Prandstetter, K., Murphy, H., & Foran, H. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02218-5 · Cited by 17
“The psychometric properties (i.e., reliability and validity) of the full CSI version and its shorter versions (CSI-16 and CSI-4) were satisfactory (Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Relationship satisfaction among spouse caregivers of service members and veterans with comorbid mild traumatic brain injury and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Brickell, T. A., French, L. M., Varbedian, N. V., Sewell, J. M., Schiefelbein, F., Wright, M. M., & Lange, R. T. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12731 · Cited by 24
A mixed-methods feasibility study of an intervention to improve men’s mental health and wellbeing during their transition to fatherhood
Baldwin, S., Malone, M., Murrells, T., Sandall, J., & Bick, D. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11870-x · Cited by 24
Development and Validation of the Couple Sexual Satisfaction Scale for HIV and Sexual Health Research
Conroy, A. A., Ruark, A., Neilands, T., Darbes, L., Johnson, M. O., Tan, J. Y., & Mkandawire, J. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02098-2 · Cited by 17
Sexual dysfunction among men with diabetes mellitus attending chronic out-patient department at the three hospitals of Northwest Amhara region, Ethiopia: Prevalence and associated factors
Mekonnen, E. G., Yeshita, H. Y., & Geremew, A. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256015 · Cited by 23
Plenty of (Similar) fish in the sea: The role of social identity and self-categorization in niche online dating
Hernandez, T. N., & Sarge, M. A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106384 · Cited by 17
Trait Mindfulness and Relationship Satisfaction: The Role of Forgiveness Among Couples
Roberts, K., Jaurequi, M. E., Kimmes, J. G., & Selice, L. (2020) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12440 · Cited by 30
Lonely heart? Warm it up with love: the effect of loneliness on singles’ and non-singles’ conspicuous consumption
Liu, W., Guo, Z., & Chen, R. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-01-2018-0054 · Cited by 22
A kiss is not just a kiss: kissing frequency, sexual quality, attachment, and sexual and relationship satisfaction
Busby, D., Hanna-Walker, V., & Leavitt, C. E. (2020) · Sexual and Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2020.1717460 · Cited by 17
“The Short Form of the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI) was used to measure relationship satisfaction (Funk & Rogge, 2007) and consisted of four items.”
Method
Romantic relationship satisfaction, age, course load, satisfaction with income and parental status as predictors of instructors’ burnout: Evidence from a correlational study
Özdemir, B., & Demir, A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9724-3 · Cited by 17
Design of a randomized superiority trial of a brief couple treatment for PTSD
Morland, L. A., Macdonald, A., Grubbs, K. M., Mackintosh, M., Monson, C. M., Glassman, L. H., Becker, J., Sautter, F. J., Buzzella, B. A., Wrape, E. R., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100369 · Cited by 16
Knowledge of suicide history, current depressive symptoms, and future suicide risk within couples
May, A. M., Crenshaw, A. O., Leifker, F. R., Bryan, C. J., & Baucom, B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.015 · Cited by 24

Authors: Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D.
Affiliations: University of Rochester (US)
ORCID: Rogge, Ronald D.
Venue: Journal of Family Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 572-583
ISSN: 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
1939-1293
DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572
OpenAlex: W2116307289
Cited by: 1,806
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 108 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 19.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Rochester
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: relationship satisfaction, measurement precision, scale development, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, item response theory, convergent validity, construct validity, nomological network, couples
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychological Theory, Internet, Principal Component Analysis

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Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

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