Cited by 1,806Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAttachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily Dynamics and Relationships

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Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

Funk, Janette L., Rogge, Ronald D.·2007·Journal of Family Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572

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Abstract

The present study took a critical look at a central construct in couples research: relationship satisfaction. Eight well-validated self-report measures of relationship satisfaction, including the Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; H. J. Locke & K. M. Wallace, 1959), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; G. B. Spanier, 1976), and an additional 75 potential satisfaction items, were given to 5,315 online participants. Using item response theory, the authors demonstrated that the MAT and DAS provided relatively poor levels of precision in assessing satisfaction, particularly given the length of those scales. Principal-components analysis and item response theory applied to the larger item pool were used to develop the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) scales. Compared with the MAS and the DAS, the CSI scales were shown to have higher precision of measurement (less noise) and correspondingly greater power for detecting differences in levels of satisfaction. The CSI scales demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of satisfaction and excellent construct validity with anchor scales from the nomological net surrounding satisfaction, suggesting that they assess the same theoretical construct as do prior scales. Implications for research are discussed.

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“…to discrete positive emotions from the modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Fredrickson, 2013), relationship satisfaction (Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4) Funk and Rogge, 2007), and mindfulness (Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF) Bohlmeijer et al., 2011).”
Background
Adverse childhood experiences and interpersonal functioning in adulthood: A systemic review
Maloney, E., Dowling, C., & O'Reilly, G. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100534 · Cited by 6
Exploring Intimate Dynamics in Same‐Sex Couples: The Role of the Subjective Orgasm Experience in Relationship Satisfaction
Mangas, P., Sierra, J. C., & Pérez‐Amorós, C. (2025) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.70003 · Cited by 9
“Relationship satisfaction is a crucial construct for understanding the functioning of couples and their relationships in general (Funk and Rogge 2007).”
Sanctified Sexism: Effects of Purity Culture Tropes on White Christian Women’s Marital and Sexual Satisfaction and Experience of Sexual Pain
Sawatsky, J., Lindenbach, R., Gregoire, S. W., & Gregoire, K. (2024) · Sociology of religion · doi:10.1093/socrel/srae031 · Cited by 6
Testing the predictions of Chapman's five love languages theory: Does speaking a partner's primary love language predict relationship quality?
Flicker, S., & Sancier-Barbosa, F. (2024) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12747 · Cited by 6
Couples in breast cancer survivorship: Daily associations in relationship satisfaction, stress, and health
Shrout, M. R., Renna, M. E., Leonard, M. J., Friedman, E. M., & Miller, K. D. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2024.100261 · Cited by 5
“The 4-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4) assessed relationship satisfaction [43].”
MethodInfluential
Dual-earner couples' sharing of work-related experiences: Effects on relational and personal well-being.
Li, T.-Y., Li, L.-M. M. W., Sun, Y.-Y., Chan, L., Law, W., Jiang, D., Stertz, A. M., & Wiese, B. S. (2024) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12574 · Cited by 6
Dyadic Prenatal Coparenting Interaction Behaviors Predicting Postpartum Depressive Symptoms during the Transition to Parenthood
Estlein, R., & Shai, D. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060114 · Cited by 6
“The control variables included gender, age, and income, as well as prenatal expectations of coparenting relations, perceived postnatal coparenting relations (CRS) [24], and perceived couple relationship quality (CSI) [25].”
Background
Developmental couple therapy for complex trauma: Results of an implementation pilot study.
MacIntosh, H. B. (2024) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12711 · Cited by 6
MDMA-assisted brief cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD: Study protocol for a pilot study
Morland, L. A., Perivoliotis, D., Wachsman, T. R., Alam, M. A., Knopp, K. C., Khalifian, C. E., Ramanathan, D., Chargin, B. E., Bismark, A. W., Glynn, S. M., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101314 · Cited by 6
“…improvement in PTSD symptoms as measured with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5 [25]) and (2) PTSD + veterans and their partners will report statistically significant improvements in couple satisfaction as measured with the Couples Satisfaction Index-32 (CSI-32 [26]).”
Method
Validation of the intersession alliance measure: Individual, couple, and family versions
Anderson, S. R., Johnson, L. N., Witting, A. B., Miller, R. B., Bradford, A. B., Hunt, Q. A., & Bean, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12702 · Cited by 8
“Not Now, I Am Too Stressed”: Stress and Physical Intimacy in Early Marriage
Sucrese, A. M., Neff, L. A., & Gleason, M. E. J. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241239134 · Cited by 6
“Prior to each diary task, individuals completed a questionnaire packet that included a version of the 16-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI; Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
How individuals perceive their partner’s relationship behaviors when worrying about finances
Peetz, J., Fisher-Skau, O., & Joel, S. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241227454 · Cited by 6
“Participants completed the 16-item Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007; e.g., “ In general, how satis ﬁ ed are you with your relationship?”
Method
Self-regulation facilitates forgiveness in close relationships
Ho, M., Liang, S.-Y., & Tongeren, D. V. V. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04504-5 · Cited by 6
“The 16-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-16; Funk & Rogge, 2007) was used to measure how satisfied an individual is within his/her current relationship.”
Characteristics of Relationship Agreements and Associations with Relationship Functioning Among People with Diverse Relationship Structures
Vilkin, E., & Davila, J. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231157772 · Cited by 6
“Relationship satisfactionwas assessed using the four-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4; Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
Method
Couple-based lifestyle intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes: protocol for a randomised pilot trial
Whitaker, M., Aguirre, M. C., Chavez, M. G., Beaulieu, E., Arones, Y. B., Gershenoff, D. C., Hinton, K., Klein, N., Uwizeye, J. M., Napia, E. E., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068623 · Cited by 9
Relational communication as a moderator for links between family of origin adversity and marital satisfaction
Li, X., Wikle, J. S., Schraedel, J. C., Yorgason, J., & James, S. L. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12808 · Cited by 6
Division of Labour and Parental Mental Health and Relationship Well-Being during COVID-19 Pandemic-Mandated Homeschooling
Elgendi, M. M., Stewart, S. H., DesRoches, D. I., Corkum, P. V., Nogueira‐Arjona, R., & Deacon, S. H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192417021 · Cited by 6
What to expect physiologically when you're expecting couples in therapy: A Changing Hearts and Minds in relationshiPS (CHAMPS) descriptive study
Bradford, A. B., & Johnson, L. N. (2022) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12619 · Cited by 7
Relationship Health and Intimate Partner Violence in Integrated Primary Care: Individual Characteristics and Preferences for Relationship Support across Risk Levels
Crasta, D., Crane, C., Trabold, N., Shepardson, R. L., Possemato, K., & Funderburk, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113984 · Cited by 6
“Relationship functioning was assessed using the four-item screening version of the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4 [39]).”
Method
Relationship quality and psychophysiological distress for underserved breast cancer patients and their caregiver before treatment
Roberson, P. N. E., Cortez, G., Freeman, T., Lloyd, J. M., Tasman, J., & Woods, S. B. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6035 · Cited by 6
“Index (CSI) to assess marital quality as an indicator of family emotional climate.(28) The CSI exclusively assesses marital quality only for dyads who were spouses or equivalent (e.”
Background
The “In It Together” digital intervention to treat distress among older adults with sensory loss and their spouses: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial study
Øverup, C. S., Lehane, C. M., & Hald, G. M. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100557 · Cited by 8
Protocol for an attention-matched randomized controlled trial of 2GETHER: a relationship education and HIV prevention program for young male couples
Newcomb, M. E., Sarno, E. L., Bettin, E., Conway, A., Carey, J., Garcia, C., Hill, R., Jozsa, K., Swann, G., Addington, E. L., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06457-9 · Cited by 10
“Secondary: relationship functioning Relationship satisfaction Couples Satisfaction Index – 4-items [51] X X X X X”
Background
Patterns and Predictors of Breast Milk Feeding from Birth to Age 4 Months among Primiparous African American Mother–Infant Dyads
Moore, A. M., Smith, J. J., Stansfield, B. K., Savage, J. S., & Lavner, J. A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112350 · Cited by 7
“For mothers in a current romantic relationship, relationship satisfaction was assessed using three items from the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) [23].”
Method
Cultural adaptation congruence in immigrant spouses is associated with marital quality
Sim, L., Chen, S., Zhang, M.-Y., Edelstein, R. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2021) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12799 · Cited by 6
“Marital satisfaction was measured using select items adapted from the Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
Method
The interaction between BMI, weight criticism, weight bias, and psychological and relational outcomes within marriage
Carels, R., Miller, J. C., Hlavka, R., & Shonrock, A. M. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01324-z · Cited by 6
An Investigation of Long-Distance Relationship Maintenance in Married Individuals in Tehran, 2020
Bazani, M., Bakhtiari, M., & Arani, A. M. (2021) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2021.1941419 · Cited by 8
“Funk and Rogge (2007) designed the Couple Satisfaction Scale by reviewing previous questionnaires.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Finding Our New Normal: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study with U.S. Army Veterans and Their Spouses
Mullet, N. D., Fuß, C., Lyddon, L., Mondloch, D., Neal, S., Goff, B. S. N., Parson, D., & Ruhlmann, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2021.1945986 · Cited by 6
“Similarly, relationship functioning scores were high, as most of the couples described their relationships as satisfactory, with mean DAS scores above the suggested 97.5 distress cut score (Funk & Rogge, 2007), indicating greater relationship satisfaction.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Support in Response to a Spouse’s Distress: Comparing Women and Men in Same-sex and Different-sex Marriages
Thomeer, M., Pollitt, A. M., & Umberson, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407521998453 · Cited by 6
“We included relationship quality, measured with the four item (a ¼ .92) Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007), which asked participants to rate their relationship quality with items such as, “I have a warm and comfortable relationship with my partner” on a scale from 1 (not at all true)…”
Method
Individuals in same-sex relationships maintain relational well-being despite the frequency and severity of heterosexism
Rice, T. M., Ogolsky, B. G., & Oswald, R. F. (2020) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1854835 · Cited by 6
“We used the Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) to assess relationship satisfaction.”
Method
Two's Company, Three's a Crowd? Maternal and Paternal Talk About Their Infant Differs in Associations With Wellbeing, Couple Relationship Quality, and Caregiving Sensitivity
Foley, S., Álvarez, C., McCarthy, J., & Hughes, C. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578632 · Cited by 6
Relationships among misunderstanding, relationship type, channel, and relational satisfaction
Edwards, R., Frost, J. J., J.Harvey, A., Navarro, M., & Adams, B. T. (2020) · doi:10.1080/08824096.2020.1864313 · Cited by 6
“Postconcussive” Symptoms Explained by PTSD Symptom Severity in U.S. National Guard Personnel
Roberge, E. M., Baker, S. N., Ely, D., Bryan, A. O., Bryan, C., & Rozek, D. C. (2020) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2020.1803163 · Cited by 6
“Relationship satisfaction was measured with the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-16; Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Improving Measurement in Couple and Family Therapy: An Item Response Theory Primer.
Anderson, S. R., & Miller, R. B. (2020) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12448 · Cited by 6
Mom-and-Pop Narcissism: The Impact of Attention Seeking and Grandiosity on Couples' Experience of the Transition to Parenthood
Sened, H., Bar‐Kalifa, E., Pshedetzky‐Shochat, R., Gleason, M. E. J., & Rafaeli, E. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_442 · Cited by 9
“Relationship satisfaction was assessed both pre- and postpartum using the 4-item version of the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI4; Funk & Rogge, 2007), which asks participants to rate statements such as “I have a warm and comfortable relationship with my partner” on…”
Method

Authors: Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D.
Affiliations: University of Rochester (US)
ORCID: Rogge, Ronald D.
Venue: Journal of Family Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 572-583
ISSN: 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
1939-1293
DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572
OpenAlex: W2116307289
Cited by: 1,806
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 108 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 19.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Rochester
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: relationship satisfaction, measurement precision, scale development, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, item response theory, convergent validity, construct validity, nomological network, couples
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychological Theory, Internet, Principal Component Analysis

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Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

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