The early development of coercive family process.

“A possible developmental trajectory is outlined and evidenced in coercion theory for the development of antisocial behavior in children (e.g., Patterson 2002).”

“These trajectories are differentiated by the age at which a child begins to exhibit antisocial behavior (for review, see Hinshaw & Zupan, 1997; Moffitt, 1993; Patterson, 2002): child onset (or early starter and life-course persistent ) and adolescent onset (or late-onset and adolescent-limited).”

“…genetically-informed designs may also be valuable in understanding how characteristics of the child placed for adoption may evoke certain responses in the adoptive parent, building on the proposed bi-directionality between parent and child in shaping socio-emotional functioning (Patterson, 2002).”

“, & Patterson, G. R. (1989). The development of antisocial behaviour patterns in childhood and adolescence.”

“…guiding the inclusion of parents in early childhood programs have been influenced to variable degrees by social learning theory (Dishion, Patterson, & Kavanagh, 1992; Patterson, 2002), attachment theory (Dozier, 2003), and developmental–psychoanalytic perspectives (Emde & Robinson, 2000).”

“However, studies with rigorous measurement during early childhood have been lacking in the literature (Patterson, 2002; Scaramella & Leve, 2004).”

“In particular, we relied on empirically based theories, such as social information processing theory and coercion theory, to help us select mediators and sequence intervention activities (e.g., Crick & Dodge, 1994; Dodge, 2006; Patterson, 2002).”

“Her claim rested upon a half-century of findings from twin study designs and their concomitant methodological flaws including the assumptions of equal environments, restricted samples, and nongeneralizability of measures (Stoolmiller, 1999; Patterson, 2002a).”

“These types of coercive parent–child interactions are found in higher rates among abusive parents, indicating a potential confluence of harmful environmental inputs in these families (Patterson, 2002).”

“Such high emotional reactivity may set the stage for coercive exchanges between parents and their children, in which children are negatively reinforced foraggressive attempts to end conflict (Patterson, 2002).”

“These ideas are consistent with Patterson’s social coercion theory (Patterson, 2002; Patterson et al., 1992), which postulates that children often become more hostile, noncompliant, and antisocial in response to parental use of physical discipline, often setting up a cycle of coercion.”

“1992, 1994), particularly when the child is fussy or irritable (Patterson 2002).”

“A main theoretical perspective for understanding the etiology of proactive (instrumental) aggression is social leaning theory which argues that aggressive behavior is a learned response which is reinforced by its positive consequences and significantly influenced by coercive family processes (Bandura 1983; Patterson 2…”

“Patterson and colleagues (Forgatch, Patterson, & Skinner, 1988; Patterson, 1982, 2002; Patterson, DeBaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989) described a pattern of coercive interaction between mothers and children that suggests that both parties participate in the development of antisocial behavior in children.”

“It can also be useful to explicitly focus on parenting skills because it was previously shown that impulsive children have greater difficulties understanding the consequences of their behaviour and therefore need more consequent parenting, a more transparent communication of rules and more reinforcement than other chi…”

“Mild oppositional behavior in early childhood gives way to frequent coercive interchanges between youth and their parents (Patterson, 2002).”

“Social learning models emphasise the bidirectional and reciprocal nature of parent-child interactions surrounding problem behaviours (Patterson, 2002).”

“Results of hypothesis tests using path analyses First, model 1, in which, according to Patterson’s assumption (Patterson, 2002; Reid & Patterson, 1989) parental and child personality characteristics were mediated by the parenting variables, was tested on the mother data.”

“The genesis of disruptive behavior is widely believed to reflect reciprocal patterns of negative exchanges between parents and children (e.g., Patterson 2002; Shaw and Bell 1993).”

“More frequent corporal punishment has been found to be related to higher levels of child aggression (Eron, Huesmann, & Zelli, 1991), delinquency (Farrington & Hawkins, 1991), and criminality (McCord, 1991), even when examined longitudinally (Patterson, 2002).”

“The relation is likely reciprocal, and there is compelling evidence from longitudinal and intervention studies that harsh parenting contributes to externalizing behavior (Patterson, 2002; Pettit & Arsiwalla, 2008).”

“According to social learning and other trans-context theories (Gass et al. , 2007; Patterson, 1986; 2002) several mechanisms can contribute to the development of peer difficulties and antisocial behaviour during childhood and adolescence.”

“Parents who display high levels of negative emotion also engage in harsher and overreactive discipline (Leung and Slep 2006) and in more coercive exchanges with their children (Patterson 2002).”

“Although individual biologically based factors such as temperamental characteristics are acknowledged in these social learning models (e.g., Patterson 2002), in our view, the specific role of neurobiological factors involved in the learning processes resulting in ODD and CD symptoms has been…”

“Therefore, it is critical to address these barriers to service utilization, particularly because effective parenting practices prevent young children from engaging in serious antisocial and delinquent behaviors as they transition into adolescence (Patterson, 2002).”

“For young children, families are primary, and patterns of behavior learned within an abusive family context (e.g., Patterson, 2002) contribute to children’s dysfunctional development.”

“Relations between child maltreatment and factors such as child externalizing problems (Patterson, 2002), low parental education (Sedlak et al., 2010), and parental belief in the necessity of using corporal punishment (Russa & Rodriguez, 2010), all have been established in previous research.”

“While children of overloaded parents may display greater adjustment and discipline problems (Patterson, 2002), parents who maintain effective communication and monitoring (Clark et al., 2005) have adolescents who engage in lower levels of RTBs. Parents who are available and attentive (French &…”

“The associations of spanking with later maternal depression support the negative outcomes of a rigid punitive cyclical style discussed by Patterson 2002 .”

“…misbehavior and parental discipline have found evidence for reciprocal relations such that child misbehavior elicits parental discipline, which either gets the child to stop misbehaving or to escalate the misbehavior, which then elicits another response from the parent (e.g., Patterson, 2002).”

“This is also in line with coercive process models, which posit that early hostile and over-reactive parenting engenders increased noncompliance and difficultness from the child, which further increases hostile parenting (Patterson, 2002).”

“Since parents typically react to such behaviors by increasing the pressure they exert on their child to conform to their demands (e.g., Dishion, French, & Patterson, 1995; Patterson, 2002), girls might arouse less parental control than boys.”

“The findings are also in accord with Patterson’s (2002) social coercion theory.”

“Specifically, there is a well-documented link between harsh parenting practices and child behavior problems (e.g., Brannigan, Gemmell, Pevalin, & Wade, 2002; Morrel, Dubowitz, Kerr, & Black, 2003; Patterson, 2002), and children in homes characterized by partner aggression are at elevated risk for parent–child aggressi…”

“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript both the family’s divorce and separation, as well as the child’s subsequent risk for psychopathology (e.g., Patterson, 2002).”

“Patterson’s coercion model, a theoretical underpinning of behavioral parent training, suggests behavior problems are established and maintained in infancy by early parenting behavior (Patterson 2002).”

“Although there is no single pathway leading to conduct problems in childhood, a number of studies have implicated the early onset of stubborn, defiant, and aggressive behavior as a precursor of later fighting, violence, and drug involvement (Loeber & Farrington, 2001; Patterson, 2002).”

“In situations where children are, at least some of the time, very difficult to manage, mothers may not be able to consistently use control strategies especially within the context of a warm and sensitive relationship; hence, a coercive family process may result (Patterson, 2002).”

“Some children are in urgent need of guidance and support both from parents and school staff (Patterson, 2002; Webster-Stratton, 1999).”

“Although much theory and research on youth psychopathology highlights the salient role of the parenting context (e.g., Deater-Deckard & Dodge, 1997; Ge, Lorenz, Conger, Elder, & Simons, 1994; Kim, Conger, Elder, & Lorenz, 2003; Patterson, 2001; Sheeber, Hops & Davis, 2001), this work typically has not considered the s…”

“…request strategies and the ways with which oppositional and noncompliant behaviors are handled by parents can reinforce children’s defiance and escalate the interactions, while reducing the probability of children’s prosocial behaviors (Barkley, 1990; Grunzeweig et al, 2009; Patterson, 2002).”

“…caregiver behavior can be sensitive to child-mediated positive reinforcers, such as child affection (Wahler, 1976), it is more likely that undesirable caregiver behavior is negatively reinforced by the termination of child destructive behavior (Stocco & Thompson, 2015; Patterson, 1982, 2002).”

“In addition, inappropriate social behavior can result from a number of factors, including home experiences (Patterson, 2002; Patterson, DeBarshye, & Ramsey, 1989), delinquent peer groups (Patterson et al.”

“According to Patterson (2002), these factors can lead to the initial emergence of aggressive-disruptive behavior problems for children in their homes, which then generalize to the school setting during their early years.”

“Parents and children tend to have reciprocal effects on each other over time in that bad parenting and bad child behavior work together to create negative results (Patterson, 2002; Sameroff & MacKenzie, 2003).”

“The negative reinforcement of the child’s misbehavior creates a positive feedback cycle, whereby parent–child interactions become more difficult to manage, leading to the escalation of aggressive behaviors over time (Patterson, 2002).”

“…and support and consistent in regard to discipline, as well as low in harshness and rejection, has been related to lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing adjustment problems ~e.g., Conger et al., 1993; Grant et al., 2003; Lengua, Wolchik, Sandler, & West, 2000; Patterson, 2002!.”

“Hostile, rejecting, and overcontrolling parenting may also contribute to later child aggression through modeling and the development of a coercive pattern of responding between the parent and child (Patterson, 2002).”

“This pattern of coercion negatively influences the parent–child relationship and increases the child’s risk for the development of deviant behaviors, particularly aggression (Patterson, 2002).”

“From a social learning perspective, focus is directed toward intimate groups and the acquisition of values and beliefs favoring deviance and crime (Akers, 1998; Patterson, 2002; Sutherland, 1947).”

“We hypothesized that, in line with Patterson's coercive model of parenting (Patterson, 2002), harsh parenting tactics share reciprocal positive relations with conduct problems and hyperactive/inattentive behaviors.”

“with Patterson’s assumptions that the impact of parental personality/psychopathology on children’s adjustment is mediated by its disruptive impact on dysfunctional parenting practices (Patterson, 2002; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992).”

“Such an escalation of negativity and the parents’ failure to provide positive reinforcement for prosocial or compliant behaviors result in the maintenance of EB over time (Patterson, 1982, 2002).”

“Previous studies suggest that mothers shape adolescents’ future displays of depressive behaviors (e.g., Alloy et al., 2001; Patterson, 2002; Sheeber et al., 1998).”

“…problems may arise in the mid- and long-term, such as social rejection, school failure, substance abuse and juvenile ntos), ninigaspar@fpce.uc.pt tatiana@gmail.com tinsm@sapo.pt (V. Martins), l@gmail.com (M. Pimentel), delinquency (Patterson, 2002; Scott, Spender, Doolan, Jacobs, & Aspland, 2001).”

“There is compelling evidence from longitudinal and intervention studies that harsh, coercive parenting contributes to child CP (Patterson, 2002; Pettit & Arsiwalla, 2008).”

“Given the strong empirical links between early coercive dynamics and later problems for children and adolescents (e.g., Dishion & Patterson, 2006; Patterson, 2002; Shaw et al., 2003), improving intervention effects on coercion, particularly with short, simple to implement methods such as video…”

“Both effective discipline and common disciplinary mistakes, such as overreactivity, laxness, and coercive cycles, have been identified and studied extensively (for example, O’Leary, 1995; Patterson, 2002).”

“Third, it is also important to note that coercive processes characterized by the bidirectional interaction between children's and parents’ behavior have been well documented (e.g., Patterson, 2002).”

“It predicts harsh, overreactive discipline (Leung & Slep, 2006; Lorber & O’Leary, 2005), poor child adjustment (Dix, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983), and coercive parent-child exchanges associated with child abuse and child-conduct problems (Patterson, 1982, 2002).”

“This echoes Patterson’s social coercion theory (Patterson 2002; Patterson et al. 1992), which points to an escalating cycle of misbehavior on the part of the child and negative reactions on the part of the parents.”

“Such a possibility, reminiscent of such effects observed in other areas of family science (e.g., coercive family processes; Patterson, 2002), may exist in light of evidence linking children's negative affect to maternal internalizing difficulties, and evidence linking maternal internalizing difficulties to children's…”

“The rationale for working with parents is based on models such as the Social Learning Theory, in which EB1 is related to problematic parenting (Dishion, French, & Patterson, 1995; Patterson, 1982, 2002; Patterson, DeBaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989; Snyder, Reid, & Patterson, 2003).”

“Patterson (2002), for example, describes how early coercive interactions between parents and children (which are characterized by parental demands for compliance, children's refusal to comply and their escalating coercive behaviors, and finally parents' capitulation (Granic & Patterson, 2006)) can…”