Emotion regulation in parenthood

Rutherford, Helena J.V.; Wallace, Norah S.; Laurent, Heidemarie K.; Mayes, Linda C.

doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008

Cited by 485Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttachment and Relationship DynamicsInfant Health and Development

Emotion regulation in parenthood

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Rutherford, Helena J.V., Wallace, Norah S., Laurent, Heidemarie K., Mayes, Linda C.·2015·Developmental Review

DOI 10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008PMC PMC4465117

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Abstract

Emotion regulation, defined as the capacity to influence one's experience and expression of emotion, is a complex skill now recognized to evolve throughout the lifetime. Here we examine the role of emotion regulation in parenthood, and propose that regulatory function during this period is distinct from the emotion regulation skills acquired and implemented during other periods of life. In this review, we consider the unique demands of caring for a child and recognize that parents have to maintain a regulated state as well as facilitate regulation in their child, especially early in development. We examine neurobiological, hormonal and behavioral shifts during the transition to parenthood that may facilitate parental regulation in response to infant cues. Furthermore, we consider how parents shape emotion regulation in their child, and the clinical implications of regulatory functioning within the parent-child relationship.

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Inappropriate emotional regulation by mothers has a significant impact on children's emotional regulation skills and mental health, including modeling of parental emotional regulation and instability in attachment systems.
“Inappropriate emotional regulation by mothers has been shown to have a significant impact on children’s emotional regulation skills and mental health, including children’s modeling of parental emotional regulation skills and instability in children’s attachment systems [4].”
From Psychometric Properties of the Japanese Version of the Parental Acceptance and Action Questionnaire in Parents with Infants and Toddlers (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
In “The role of parental emotion regulation in child development” (page not provided), the paper reports that mothers’ regulation strategies predict or are associated with children’s strategies, and links inadequate caregiving to attachment insecurity. It describes children’s modeling as possible and attachment effects as presumed; it does not establish that inappropriate maternal emotion regulation causes the full set of claimed effects on children’s mental health and attachment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Maternal Working Memory and Reactive Negativity in Parenting
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“This would be particularly noteworthy where more ecologically valid parent–child tasks could be employed (e.g., Deater-Deckard et al., 2010).”
Background
Primary parental preoccupation: circuits, genes, and the crucial role of the environment
Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., Swain, J. E., Eicher, V. W., Thompson, N., & Mayes, L. C. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-003-0067-x · Cited by 168 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, both mothers and fathers report increased preoccupation in their thoughts relating to their developing child shortly before birth, which remain elevated into the postpartum period and is thought to depend on evolutionarily conserved neurohormonal patterns (see Leckman et al., 2004).”
Background
Don’t Look Back in Anger! Responsiveness to Missed Chances in Successful and Nonsuccessful Aging
Brassen, S., Gamer, M., Peters, J., Gluth, S., & Büchel, C. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1217516 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Parental reflective functioning is associated with tolerance of infant distress but not general distress: evidence for a specific relationship using a simulated baby paradigm.
Rutherford, H. J. V., Goldberg, B., Luyten, P., Bridgett, D. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.06.008 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Gender and parental status affect the visual cortical response to infant facial expression
Proverbio, A. M., Brignone, V., Matarazzo, S., Zotto, M. D., & Zani, A. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.015 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Relationships Between Parent and Child Emotion Regulation Strategy Use: A Brief Report
Bariola, E., Hughes, E. K., & Gullone, E. (2011) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9497-5 · Cited by 157 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…development of emotion regulation in children (Eisenberg & Morris, 2002), there is an emerging consensus that the family, and parents in particular, shape this critical faculty (Bariola et al., 2012; Bridges et al., 2004; Kopp, 1989; Thompson, 1994; Zeman, Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Stegall, 2006).”
Background
Perceived quality of maternal care in childhood and structure and function of mothers' brain
Kim, P., Leckman, J. F., Mayes, L. C., Newman, M., Feldman, R., & Swain, J. E. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00923.x · Cited by 149 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…reported positive early parental care showed greater gray matter volume and activation to their infant’s cry in prefrontal and temporal areas (Kim et al., 2010), and those with secure attachment representations activated more to their infant’s smiling/crying faces in the striatum and…”
Background
Maternal neural responses to infant cries and faces: relationships with substance use
Landi, N., Montoya, J., Kober, H., Rutherford, H. J. V., Mencl, W. E., Worhunsky, P. D., Potenza, M. N., & Mayes, L. C. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00032 · Cited by 146 · cited 1× · see citing works
“From a neurobiological perspective, mothers with postpartum depression (Laurent & Ablow, 2012a) as well as substance use (Landi et al., 2011), show an attenuated neural response to infant cues, relative to healthy controls.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Maternal-Fetal Bonding, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health During Pregnancy–The Contribution of Attachment Style
Mikulincer, M., & Florián, V. (1999) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1999.18.3.255 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although there is some evidence that attachment between mother and child may begin during pregnancy (Condon, 1993; Mikulincer & Florian, 1999), attachment is mainly understood and examined during childhood.”
Background
ERP correlates of attention allocation in mothers processing faces of their children
Grasso, D. J., Moser, J. S., Dozier, M., & Simons, R. F. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.03.001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A face a mother could love: Depression-related maternal neural responses to infant emotion faces
Laurent, H. K., & Ablow, J. C. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2012.762039 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…in turn, help to protect against (or at least minimize the negative effects of) parental mood disorder, in line with the finding that mothers with perinatal depression showed lasting deficits in prefrontal, ACC, and striatal responses to their infant’s emotion cues (Laurent & Ablow, 2012a, 2013).”
Result
Parenting Style as a Moderator of Associations Between Maternal Disciplinary Strategies and Child Well-Being
Fletcher, A. C., Walls, J. K., Cook, E. C., Madison, K. J., & Bridges, T. H. (2008) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x08322933 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The assessment of mentalization
Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., Lowyck, B., & Vermote, R. (2012) · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Neural responses to infants linked with behavioral interactions and testosterone in fathers
Kuo, P. X., Carp, J., Light, K. C., & Grewen, K. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.002 · Cited by 88 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…is suggested by studies relating maternal and paternal observed sensitivity during parent–infant interaction to differential prefrontal and subcortical (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus) activation to infant cues (Atzil et al., 2012; Kuo et al., 2012; Musser, Kaiser-Laurent, & Ablow, 2012).”
Background
Women's responses to young infants' cries.
Gustafson, G. E., & Harris, K. L. (1990) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.144 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One study presented mothers and non-mothers a crying infant manikin that they had to soothe either by deducing that the infant was hungry or by finding the source of the infant’s physical pain (Gustafson & Harris, 1990).”
Background
The missing link: Mothers’ neural response to infant cry related to infant attachment behaviors
Laurent, H. K., & Ablow, J. C. (2012) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.007 · Cited by 82 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Furthermore, the finding that mothers’ neural activation to infant cry predicted their infant’s attachment security (Laurent & Ablow, 2012b) suggests this neurobehavioral tuning process may be decisive for not only the parent’s regulation, but also that of their child.”
BackgroundResult
Brain and personality bases of insensitivity to infant cues in neglectful mothers: An event-related potential study
López, M. J. R., León, I., Quiñones, I., Lage‐Castellanos, A., Byrne, S., & Bobes, M. A. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000714 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While there is likely normative variability in the detection and emotional responding to infant affective cues, at the extreme ends these differences may underlie distorted or impaired responding to infant cues (Rodrigo et al., 2011).”
Background
An Ecological Model of Maternal Substance Abuse and Child Neglect: Issues, Analyses, and Recommendations.
Cash, S. J., & Wilke, D. J. (2003) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.73.4.392 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, postpartum depression (Murray & Cooper, 1996; Waxler, Thelen, & Muzik, 2011) and maternal substance use (Cash & Wilke, 2003) are each associated with poorer outcomes in offspring.”
Background
Structured Parenting of Toddlers at High Versus Low Genetic Risk: Two Pathways to Child Problems
Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Ge, X., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Scaramella, L. V., & Reiss, D. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181b8bfc0 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Employing the adoption design, one study assessed adoptive parents’ requests to their children during a cleanup task as a measure of structured parenting (Leve et al., 2009).”
Method
Differential prefrontal response to infant facial emotions in mothers compared with non-mothers
Nishitani, S., Doi, H., Koyama, A., & Shinohara, K. (2011) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2011.02.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gene – Environment Interplay, Family Relationships, and Child Adjustment
Horwitz, B. N., & Neiderhiser, J. (2011) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00846.x · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…environment may have more impact on children of certain genotypes compared with another, and also an evoked interaction in which certain genetically-driven behaviors on the part of the child evoke responses from the parent, or in this case, the adoptive parent (Horwitz & Neiderhiser, 2011).”
Background
Investigating the impact of parental status and depression symptoms on the early perceptual coding of infant faces: An event-related potential study
Noll, L. K., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2012) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2012.672457 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and successful aging
Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.007 · Cited by 51 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For instance, recent interest has focused on the notion that while there are declines in sensory and cognitive domains, elderly adults seem to report higher levels of well-being than younger adults (Suri & Gross, 2012).”
Background
Genetic liability, environment, and the development of fussiness in toddlers: The roles of maternal depression and parental responsiveness.
Natsuaki, M. N., Ge, X., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Conger, R. D., Scaramella, L. V., Reid, J. B., & Reiss, D. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019659 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A similar gene–environment interaction has been reported in which birth mother depression symptoms (genetic risk) moderated the effect of adoptive mother responsiveness to predict the child’s level of fussiness (Natsuaki et al., 2010).”
Background
The Improvement of Emotion and Attention Regulation after a 6-Week Training of Focused Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Menezes, C. B., Couto, M. C. P. D. P., Buratto, L. G., Erthal, F. S., Pereira, M. G., & Bizarro, L. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/984678 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mindfulness, which overlaps to some extent with both executive function and mentalization, is also gaining recognition as a construct relevant to emotion regulation (e.g., Hölzel et al., 2011; Menezes et al., 2013).”
Background
Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior.
Elam, K. K., Harold, G. T., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Gaysina, D., Barrett, D., & Leve, L. D. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035470 · Cited by 44 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…and the emotional climate the child is exposed to, but the role the child plays in shaping parental emotion regulation is also necessary to consider as suggested by evocative gene– environment studies (Elam et al., 2014) and cyclical patterns of behavior across generations (Patterson, 2002).”
Background
Sex-specific effects of mindfulness on romantic partners' cortisol responses to conflict and relations with psychological adjustment
Laurent, H., Laurent, S., Hertz, R., Egan-Wright, D., & Granger, D. A. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of maternity on auditory event-related potentials to human sound
Purhonen, M., Kilpeläinen, R., Pääkkönen, A. K., Yppärilä, H., Lehtonen, J., & Karhu, J. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200109170-00044 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These findings converge with other studies that report heightened sensitivity to infant affect in mothers relative to non-mothers more generally (Nishitani, Doi, Koyama, & Shinohara, 2011; Purhonen et al., 2001).”
Result
Maternal and adolescent distress tolerance: the moderating role of gender
Daughters, S. B., Gorka, S. M., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034991 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Management of Mood Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S. N., & Ross, L. E. (2012) · Obstetric Anesthesia Digest · doi:10.1097/01.aoa.0000414065.40298.57 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Relationship between Individual Differences in Executive Functioning and Emotion Regulation: A Comprehensive Review
(2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315795263-16 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The relationship of maternal mentalization and executive functioning to maternal recognition of infant cues and bonding
Turner, J. M., Wittkowski, A., & Hare, D. J. (2008) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712608x289971 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Primäres mütterliches Präokkupiertsein: Die Erforschung des Gehirns werdender und junger Mütter mithilfe bildgebender Verfahren
Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2011) · Psyche · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Management of Mood Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S. N., & Ross, L. E. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31822bdb8d · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Management of Mood Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Urato, A. C., Mintzes, B. J., Mangin, D. A., & Jureidini, J. N. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31822bd7e3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

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Waxler E Thelen K Muzik M 2011 Maternal perinatal depression - impact on infant and child development European Psychiatric Review 4 1 41 47

Sorted by citations

The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence
Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, B. J. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12238 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning
Reindl, V., Gerloff, C., Scharke, W., & Konrad, K. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Rudolph, J., Kerin, J., & Bohadana, G. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254211051086 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“…consider child effects on parents alongside parent effects on children by, for example, investigating how children’s dysregulated or otherwise disruptive and unsettling behaviors have effects on parents’ developing capacity for emotion regulation (Bridgett et al., 2015; Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Brain plasticity in pregnancy and the postpartum period: links to maternal caregiving and mental health
Barba‐Müller, E., Craddock, S., Carmona, S., & Hoekzema, E. A. (2018) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0889-z · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Climate change impacts on the mental health and wellbeing of young people: A scoping review of risk and protective factors
Ma, T., Moore, J., & Anne, C. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114888 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Investigating the association between parental reflective functioning and distress tolerance in motherhood.
Rutherford, H. J. V., Booth, C. R., Luyten, P., Bridgett, D. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.04.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Applying Self-Regulation Principles in the Delivery of Parenting Interventions
Sanders, M. R., Turner, K., & Metzler, C. W. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00287-z · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Positive maternal mental health, parenting, and child development
Phua, D. Y., Kee, M. Z. L., & Meaney, M. J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Matrescence: lifetime impact of motherhood on cognition and the brain
Orchard, E. R., Rutherford, H. J. V., Holmes, A. J., & Jamadar, S. D. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.002 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Associations between Emotion Regulation and Parental Reflective Functioning
Schultheis, A., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01326-z · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Young children’s emotional stress reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak and their associations with parental emotion regulation and parental playfulness
Shorer, M., & Leibovich, L. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1806830 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Children can learn to regulate their emotions by observing their parents’ emotion regulation strategies and by experiencing a supportive and emotionally regulated family climate during their early development (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
Background
Human Maternal Brain Plasticity: Adaptation to Parenting
Kim, P. (2016) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20168 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Infants’ attachment insecurity predicts attachment-relevant emotion regulation strategies in adulthood.
Girme, Y. U., Jones, R. E., Fleck, C., Simpson, J. A., & Overall, N. C. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000721 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“…e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. Wallace, Laurent, & Mayes, 2015), which should have implications for their children’s attachment security (Bowlby, 1973) and the intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation strategies (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
Background
Risk and Protective Factors in Cyberbullying: the Role of Family, Social Support and Emotion Regulation
Arató, N., Zsidó, A. N., Rivnyák, A., Péley, B., & Lábadi, B. (2022) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-021-00097-4 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire in Mothers and Fathers of School-Aged Children
Pazzagli, C., Delvecchio, E., Raspa, V., Mazzeschi, C., & Luyten, P. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0856-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“The child’s acquisition of more strategies to self-regulate and increasing verbal competence could thus both facilitate and hinder his/her parents’ attunement to his/her needs and thus their capacity to mentalize the child’s mental states (Rutherford et al. 2015b).”
BackgroundResult
Scaling Up Parenting Interventions is Critical for Attaining the Sustainable Development Goals
Sanders, M. R., Divan, G., Singhal, M., Turner, K., Velleman, R. D. B., Michelson, D., & Patel, V. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01171-0 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“1 3 discipline and limit setting [11, 12] are key mechanisms by which parenting impacts child development, adult well-being and community connectedness and functioning.”
Background
Maternal and Child Sexual Abuse History: An Intergenerational Exploration of Children’s Adjustment and Maternal Trauma-Reflective Functioning
Borelli, J. L., Cohen, C. T., Pettit, C., Normandin, L., Target, M., Fonagy, P., & Ensink, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01062 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Less can be more: Fine tuning the maternal brain
Pawluski, J. L., Hoekzema, E., Leuner, B., & Lonstein, J. S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.045 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Role of Parental Emotion Regulation in Parent Emotion Socialization: Implications for Intervention
Havighurst, S. S., & Kehoe, C. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55376-4_12 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Like mother, like child? Maternal determinants of children's early social‐emotional development
Behrendt, H. F., Scharke, W., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Konrad, K., & Firk, C. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21765 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Parental reflective functioning as a moderator of child internalizing difficulties in the context of child sexual abuse
Ensink, K., Bégin, M., Normandin, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.051 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“There is also accumulating evidence regarding the importance of mentalization in parenting (Slade et al., 2005; Suchman et al., 2010) for infant attachment (Ensink et al., 2016; Slade et al., 2005) and the development of emotion regulation (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation through parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Tests of unique, actor, partner, and mediating effects
Li, D., Li, D., Wu, N., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.03.038 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Randomized Control Trial Evaluating an Online Mindful Parenting Training for Mothers With Elevated Parental Stress
Potharst, E., Boekhorst, M., Cuijlits, I., van Broekhoven, K. V., Jacobs, A. K., Spek, V., Nyklíček, I., Bögels, S., & Pop, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01550 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Impacts of Parental Burnout on Chinese Youth’s Mental Health: The Role of Parents’ Autonomy Support and Emotion Regulation
Yang, B., Chen, B., Qu, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01450-y · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation, Parenting, and Psychopathology: A Systematic Review
Zitzmann, J., Rombold, L., Rosenbach, C., & Renneberg, B. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00452-5 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Effective parenting involves managing one’s emotions to satisfy the needs of children and promote their long-term ability to self-regulate (Crandall et al., 2015; Dix, 1991; Rutherford et al., 2015).”
Background
Maternal Emotion Regulation and Adolescent Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Family Functioning and Parenting
Crandall, A., Ghazarian, S. R., Day, R. D., & Riley, A. W. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0400-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Parenting and addiction: neurobiological insights
Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.014 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation: Part I. Psychopathology, self-injury, and parasympathetic responsivity among pregnant women
Lin, B., Kaliush, P. R., Conradt, E. D., Terrell, S., Neff, D., Allen, A. K., Smid, M. C., Monk, C. E., & Crowell, S. E. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000336 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
How stress can influence brain adaptations to motherhood
Kim, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100875 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Socioeconomic disadvantages and neural sensitivity to infant cry: role of maternal distress
Kim, P., Capistrano, C. G., & Congleton, C. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw063 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Maternal executive functioning as a mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of parenting: Preliminary evidence.
Bridgett, D. J., Kanya, M. J., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000264 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…of empirical evidence (Cuevas et al., 2014; Deater-Deckard et al., 2010) and recent conceptual models (Bridgett et al., 2015; Crandall et al., 2015; Rutherford et al., 2015) indicating that parent EF, and other aspects of self-regulation, has a strong, possibly causal, influence on parenting…”
Background
Cortical thickness variation of the maternal brain in the first 6 months postpartum: associations with parental self-efficacy
Kim, P., Dufford, A. J., & Tribble, R. C. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-018-1688-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Additionally, researchers have consistently observed new mothers’ increased prefrontal cortex activation in response to baby cues (Barrett and Fleming 2011; Rutherford et al. 2015; Strathearn et al. 2008; Swain et al. 2017), and these responses are further associated with more sensitive parenting (Kim et al.”
A developmental model of addictions: integrating neurobiological and psychodynamic theories through the lens of attachment
Alvarez-Monjarás, M., Mayes, L. C., Potenza, M. N., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1498113 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Affective changes during the postpartum period: Influences of genetic and experiential factors
Agrati, D., & Lonstein, J. S. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.016 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…tremendous plasticity across pregnancy and during the early postpartum period to increase women’s sensitivity to infant affective and other cues (Rutherford et al., 2015), but these neurobiological changes may have the capacity to not only mediate the positive effects that the baby has on…”
Background
Maternal programming: Application of a developmental psychopathology perspective
Glynn, L. M., Howland, M. A., & Fox, M. M. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000524 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting is Associated with Adolescents’ Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Through Adolescents’ Psychological Inflexibility and Self-Compassion
Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01133-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cognitive development in children of adolescent mothers: The impact of socioeconomic risk and maternal sensitivity
Firk, C., Konrad, K., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Scharke, W., & Dahmen, B. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.02.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion as emotion regulation strategies for parents during COVID-19: An online randomized controlled trial
Preuss, H., Capito, K., van Eickels, R. L., Zemp, M., & Kolar, D. R. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100388 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hormones and neuroplasticity: A lifetime of adaptive responses
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Empathy in Toddlers: The Role of Emotion Regulation, Language Ability, and Maternal Emotion Socialization Style
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Influential
Maternal emotion regulation strategies, internalizing problems and infant negative affect
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Cognitive emotion regulation strategies, anxiety, and depression in mothers of children with or without neurodevelopmental disorders
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“Due to the complexities in needing to both self-regulate and facilitate a child’s emotion regulation, Rutherford and colleagues (Rutherford et al., 2015), have proposed that both the nature and function of skills necessary for emotion regulation within the context of parenting are distinct from…”
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Family Functioning during Adolescence: The Roles of Paternal and Maternal Emotion Dysregulation and Parent–Adolescent Relationships
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“The transition to parenthood is accompanied by physiological and neurobiological changes, including increases in hormones spurring changes in networks salient to caregiving (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
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Preliminary Evaluation of an Innovative, Brief Parenting Program Designed to Promote Self-Regulation in Parents and Children
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Result
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The impact of treating parental anxiety on children’s mental health: An empty systematic review
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DRD4 interacts with adverse life events in predicting maternal sensitivity via emotion regulation.
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The effect of Mindful Parenting Training on Parent–Child Interactions, Parenting Stress, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Mothers of Preschool Children
kakhki, Z. B., Mashhadi, A., Yazdi, S. A. A., & Saleh, S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02420-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The purpose of these strategies is to change the person experiencing the emotion (internal) or the change in the other person (external), such as when parents help their children adjust their emotions (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
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Let’s Connect: A developmentally-driven emotion-focused parenting intervention
Shaffer, A. E., Fitzgerald, M. M., Shipman, K., & Torres, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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“Parents are continuously tasked with maintaining a regulated state while also facilitating their young child’s emotion regulation and responding to their needs (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Disordered eating and emotion dysregulation among adolescents and their parents
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“younger people is that emotion regulation skills develop well into adulthood, and therefore might not be as advanced in adolescence as in later life [38].”
Background
Pathways from Childhood Maltreatment to Unsupportive Emotion Socialization: Implications for Children’s Emotional Inhibition
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Post-Traumatic Stress, Mother’s Emotion Regulation, and Parenting in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Gurtovenko, K., & Katz, L. F. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517690874 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Measuring Parental Reflective Functioning: Further Validation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire in Portuguese Mothers of Infants and Young Children
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“[22] and with studies showing that parental emotion regulation is essential to sensible parenting [49] and suggest that emotion dysregulation can be a barrier to parental reflective functioning.”
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Investigating the relationship between working memory and emotion regulation in mothers
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“Growing evidence suggests that adults’ ability to influence others’ experience and expression of emotion in caregiving contexts facilitates children’s positive and sensitive responding to emotional stimuli and impacts their psychological and physical development (Crandall et al., 2015; Rutherford et al., 2015).”
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Elterliche Emotionsdysregulation als Risikofaktor für die kindliche Entwicklung
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Does Mindful Parenting Mediate the Association between Maternal Anxiety during Pregnancy and Child Behavioral/Emotional Problems?
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“…to prenatal maternal anxiety may progress over time and result in long-lasting behavioral deficits through bidirectional interactions with adverse (postnatal) environmental factors, such as maternal anxiety and poor mindful parenting (Klahr and Burt 2014; Rutherford et al. 2015; Stein et al. 2014).”
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The Application of Connectome-Based Predictive Modeling to the Maternal Brain: Implications for Mother-Infant Bonding.
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“2017)—both capacities important for early caregiving (Swain et al. 2014; Rutherford et al. 2015).”
Neurobiology of maternal mental illness
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“Additionally, emotional self-regulation, or parents’ capacity to modulate their own experience and expression of difficult emotions in the context of parenting interactions, is an important parent function (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
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Oxytocin receptor binding in the titi monkey hippocampal formation is associated with parental status and partner affiliation
BAXTER, A. B., Anderson, M., Seelke, A. M. H., Kinnally, E. L., Freeman, S. M., & Bales, K. L. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74243-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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“Moreover, effects (which can be directly relevant) have started to emerge (Lo-manowska, Boivin, Hertzman, & Fleming, 2017), and the first attempts to review and synthesize them can be made in order to propose new theoretical approaches (Rutherford, Wallace, Laurent, & Mayes, 2015).”
The Family Check-Up Online: A Telehealth Model for Delivery of Parenting Skills to High-Risk Families With Opioid Use Histories
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Affective dysregulation in childhood - optimizing prevention and treatment: protocol of three randomized controlled trials in the ADOPT study
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Mobilizing an institutional supportive response for healthcare workers and other staff in the context of COVID-19: The Yale experience
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“It drew on a mindfulness-informed approach to stress management [7], a resilience-promoting wellness-oriented perspective [8], a scientificallybased model for human resilience [9], a disaster-oriented brief intervention [10], a peer support model developed to support military personnel in combat [11,12], an expert app…”
Background

Authors: Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
University of Oregon (US)
Corresponding author: Rutherford, Helena J.V.
ORCID: Rutherford, Helena J.V.
Laurent, Heidemarie K.
Venue: Developmental Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-06
Volume: 36
Pages: 1-14
ISSN: 0273-2297 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008
PMC: PMC4465117
OpenAlex: W2091646394
Cited by: 485
References: 109
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 27.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Developmental Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Anna Freud Centre
National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH083462-02)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
Keywords: emotion regulation, parenthood, parenting, parent-child relationship, infant cues, affective neuroscience, hormones, child development, clinical implications

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