EEG, physiology, and task-related mood fail to resolve across 31 days of smoking abstinence: relations to depressive traits, nicotine exposure, and dependence
Abstract
Changes in task-related mood and physiology associated with 31 days of smoking abstinence were assessed in smokers, 34 of whom were randomly assigned to a quit group and 22 to a continuing-to-smoke control group. A large financial incentive for smoking abstinence resulted in very low participant attrition. Individuals were tested during prequit baselines and at 3, 10, 17, and 31 days of abstinence. Abstinence was associated with decreases in heart rate and serum cortisol, a slowing of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, and task-dependent and trait-depression-dependent hemispheric EEG asymmetries. Differences between the quit group and the smoking group showed no tendency to resolve across the 31 days of abstinence. Trait depression and neuroticism correlated with increases in left-relative-to-right frontal EEG slow-wave (low alpha) activity at both 3 and 31 days of abstinence. In contrast, prequit nicotine intake and Fagerström Tolerance scores correlated with alpha asymmetry and with greater EEG slowing only at Day 3. Thus, the effects of smoking abstinence appear to last for at least several months.
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Nicotine withdrawal symptoms typically peak within the first week and taper over 3-4 weeks, though some reports say they subside within 10 days and others say they persist past 31 days.
“Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are typically reported to reach a peak within the first week of abstinence and taper off for the next 3–4 weeks [119, 124]. However, some reports indicate that symptoms can subside within 10 days [125], while others indicate that withdrawal symptoms may persist past 31 days [126, 127].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [126]
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- Authors
- Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, F. J., Rabinovich, N. E., Dibb, W. D., Plath, L. C., Hiyane, S., Jensen, R. A., Meliska, C. J., Estes, S. L., & Gehlbach, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
- Venue
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 427-443
- ISSN
- 1064-1297 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-2293
- OpenAlex
- W1999599225
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01da005361-01a1)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA05361)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- smoking abstinence, nicotine dependence, trait depression, neuroticism, EEG asymmetry, alpha activity, heart rate, cortisol, nicotine tolerance, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Alpha Rhythm, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Caffeine, Cotinine, Depressive Disorder, Electroencephalography, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Nicotine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Theta Rhythm, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists, Substance-Related Disorders
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