Cited by 1,295Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.

Mahalik, James R., Locke, Benjamin D., Ludlow, Larry H., Diemer, Matthew A., Scott, Ryan P. J., Gottfried, Michael, Freitas, Gary·2003·Psychology of Men & Masculinity

DOI 10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3

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Abstract

This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on health-related questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.

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Authors: Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G.
Affiliations: Boston College (US)
University of Georgia (US)
Valparaiso University (US)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
ORCID: Mahalik, James R.
Ludlow, Larry H.
Diemer, Matthew A.
Gottfried, Michael
Venue: Psychology of Men & Masculinity
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-25
ISSN: 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
1939-151X
DOI: 10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
OpenAlex: W1964528140
Cited by: 1,295
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 72 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 40.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: masculinity, masculine norms, psychometric properties, factor structure, winning, emotional control, risk-taking, violence, dominance, Playboy, self-reliance, psychological distress, aggression, social dominance, help-seeking attitudes, test-retest reliability, gender differences

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