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Cited by 1,295Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.

Mahalik, James R., Locke, Benjamin D., Ludlow, Larry H., Diemer, Matthew A., Scott, Ryan P. J., Gottfried, Michael, Freitas, Gary·2003·Psychology of Men & Masculinity
DOI 10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
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Abstract

This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on health-related questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.

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Cites

Show all 85 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Derogatis, 1993, Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual--II.
  2. Fischer, 1970, Orientation to seeking professional psychological help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 994
  3. Levinson, 1978, The seasons of a man's life.
  4. 1999, SPSS reference guide.

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Metadata

Authors
Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G.
Affiliations
  • Boston College (US)
  • University of Georgia (US)
  • Valparaiso University (US)
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychology of Men & Masculinity
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2003-01
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
3-25
ISSN
  • 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-151X
DOI
10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
OpenAlex
W1964528140
Cited by
1,295
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 72 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 56
FWCI
40.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
masculinity, masculine norms, psychometric properties, factor structure, winning, emotional control, risk-taking, violence, dominance, Playboy, self-reliance, psychological distress, aggression, social dominance, help-seeking attitudes, test-retest reliability, gender differences

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