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Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.
Abstract
This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on health-related questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.
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“While being the primary economic support in a household is a common feature of traditional masculinity [48], there appears to be added pressure to provide economically among these respondents given their status as former political prisoners.”
From Masculinity and mental health treatment initiation for former political prisoners in Yangon, Myanmar – a qualitative investigation (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Mahalik and his team developed the Conformity to Masculinity Norms Inventory (CMNI) (Mahalik et al., 2003) and the Conformity to Femininity Norms Inventory (CFNI) (Mahalik et al., 2005), which offer a multidimensional vision of gender, basing study of gender on norms considered before the formation of stereotyped behaviors and roles.”
From Health From a Gender Perspective (2017) · cites this paper as Mahalik et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“When the original 94-item instrument was developed it was shown to have good internal consistency, construct validity and discriminant validity [20].”
From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“These were assessed by the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), which is an abbreviated version of the original 94-item CMNI that was designed to measure cognitive, behavioural and affective conformity to dominant masculine ideologies [20].”
From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Valparaiso University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-25
- ISSN
- 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-151X
- OpenAlex
- W1964528140
- Cited by
- 1,295
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 40.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- masculinity, masculine norms, psychometric properties, factor structure, winning, emotional control, risk-taking, violence, dominance, Playboy, self-reliance, psychological distress, aggression, social dominance, help-seeking attitudes, test-retest reliability, gender differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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