The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression
Open accessAbstract
Recent application of theories of embodied or grounded cognition to the recognition and interpretation of facial expression of emotion has led to an explosion of research in psychology and the neurosciences. However, despite the accelerating number of reported findings, it remains unclear how the many component processes of emotion and their neural mechanisms actually support embodied simulation. Equally unclear is what triggers the use of embodied simulation versus perceptual or conceptual strategies in determining meaning. The present article integrates behavioral research from social psychology with recent research in neurosciences in order to provide coherence to the extant and future research on this topic. The roles of several of the brain's reward systems, and the amygdala, somatosensory cortices, and motor centers are examined. These are then linked to behavioral and brain research on facial mimicry and eye gaze. Articulation of the mediators and moderators of facial mimicry and gaze are particularly useful in guiding interpretation of relevant findings from neurosciences. Finally, a model of the processing of the smile, the most complex of the facial expressions, is presented as a means to illustrate how to advance the application of theories of embodied cognition in the study of facial expression of emotion.
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The smiles served as signals of affiliation rather than reflections of joy or felt reward.
“Instead, we propose that the smiles served as signals of affiliation rather than reflections of joy or felt reward (Martin et al., 2017; Niedenthal et al., 2010; Rychlowska et al., 2021).”
From Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members (2023) · cites this paper as Niedenthal et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 417-433
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2160234840
- Cited by
- 618
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation
- Mind Science Foundation
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- European Commission
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- embodied simulation, grounded cognition, emotional facial expressions, smiling, facial mimicry, gaze, amygdala, reward systems, somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, emotion recognition, affective neuroscience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Emotions, Eye Movements, Facial Expression, Humans, Models, Biological, Reward, Smiling, Recognition, Psychology
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