Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

Schoofs, Daniela; Preuß, Diana; Wolf, Oliver T.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004

Cited by 483Stress Responses and CortisolCognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

Schoofs, Daniela, Preuß, Diana, Wolf, Oliver T.·2008·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004

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Abstract

In contrast to the substantial number of studies investigating the effects of stress on declarative memory, effects of stress on working memory have received less attention. We compared working memory (numerical n-back task with single digits) in 40 men exposed either to psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)) or a control condition. Task difficulty was varied using two conditions (2-back vs. 3-back). Salivary cortisol (as a marker of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA as a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity) were assessed immediately before and three times after the stress or control condition. As expected stress resulted in an increase in cortisol, sAA, and negative affect. Subjects exposed to stress showed significant working memory impairments in both workload conditions. The analysis of variance indicated a main effect of stress for reaction time as well as accuracy. In addition, for reaction time a stress-block interaction occurred. Follow up tests revealed that only during the first block at each level of difficulty performance was significantly impaired by stress. Thus, the effects of stress became smaller the longer the task was performed. Results provide further evidence for impaired working memory after acute stress and illustrate the time course of this phenomenon.

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In humans experimental or pharmacological stress studies have reported inconsistent effects with impairments as well as enhancements.
“In humans experimental or pharmacological stress studies have reported inconsistent effects with impairments as well as enhancements being reported [42], [46], [47].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [42]
The computerized n-back paradigm (2-back version) is a well-evaluated sensitive tool to analyze working memory functions.
“Thus, in the current study we employed a computerized n-back paradigm (2-back version), a well-evaluated sensitive tool to analyze working memory functions [34], [41], [42].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [42]

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Free recall of pleasant words from recency positions is especially sensitive to acute administration of cortisol
Mattie Tops, A., van der Pompe, G., Wijers, A. A., den Boer, J. A., Meijman, T. F., & Korf, J. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00032-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effects of stress hormones on the structure and function of the human brain
Wolf, O. T. (2006) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.1.5.623 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Understanding stress through the genome
Meijer, O. C. (2006) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890600799669 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Interaction of negative olfactory stimulation and working memory in schizophrenia patients: Development and evaluation of a behavioral neuroimaging task
Schneider, F. W., Koch, K., Reske, M., Kellermann, T., Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N., Stöcker, T., Amunts, K., Shah, N. J., & Habel, U. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.12.013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

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Executive functions and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research
Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors
Hermans, E. J., Henckens, M. J. A. G., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.03.006 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Decision making under stress: A selective review
Starcke, K., & Brand, M. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.003 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol
Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Moran, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000051 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Examining emotion regulation in depression: A review and future directions
Joormann, J., & Stanton, C. H. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.007 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Acute psychological stress reduces working memory-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Qin, S., Hermans, E. J., van Marle, H. J. F., Luo, J., & Fernández, G. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.006 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies
Robinson, O. J., Vytal, K., Cornwell, B. R., & Grillon, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Stress prompts habit behavior in humans
Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0979-09.2009 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
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Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease
de Quervain, D. J. ‐., Aerni, A., Schelling, G., & Roozendaal, B. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.002 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Stress and cognition
Sandi, C. (2013) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1222 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Stress and memory in humans: twelve years of progress?
Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.013 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
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Memory modulation.
Roozendaal, B., & McGaugh, J. L. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0026187 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and psychometric evaluation of a placebo version of the ‘Trier Social Stress Test’
Het, S., Rohleder, N., Schoofs, D., Kirschbaum, C., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.008 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
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Stress effects on working memory, explicit memory, and implicit memory for neutral and emotional stimuli in healthy men
Luethi, M. (2008) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.005.2008 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Insomnia and cognitive performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wardle‐Pinkston, S., Slavish, D. C., & Taylor, D. J. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.07.008 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Cold pressor stress impairs performance on working memory tasks requiring executive functions in healthy young men.
Schoofs, D., Wolf, O. T., & Smeets, T. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0016980 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
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Glucocorticoids in the prefrontal cortex enhance memory consolidation and impair working memory by a common neural mechanism
Barsegyan, A., Mackenzie, S. M., Kurose, B. D., McGaugh, J. L., & Roozendaal, B. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011975107 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans
Grigoleit, J.-S., Kullmann, J. S., Wolf, O. T., Hammes, F., Wegner, A., Jablonowski, S., Engler, H., Gizewski, E., Oberbeck, R., & Schedlowski, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028330 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
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Investigation into the cross-correlation of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to psychological stress.
Engert, V., Vogel, S., Efanov, S. I., Duchesne, A., Corbo, V., Ali, N., & Pruessner, J. C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.018 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Inflexibly Focused under Stress: Acute Psychosocial Stress Increases Shielding of Action Goals at the Expense of Reduced Cognitive Flexibility with Increasing Time Lag to the Stressor
Plessow, F., Fischer, R., Kirschbaum, C., & Goschke, T. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00024 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Interaction between cognition, emotion, and the autonomic nervous system
(2013) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00006-7 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Classroom as a Developmental Context for Cognitive Development: A Meta-Analysis on the Importance of Teacher–Student Interactions for Children’s Executive Functions
Vandenbroucke, L., Spilt, J. L., Verschueren, K., Piccinin, C., & Baeyens, D. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654317743200 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Functional Brain Network Modularity Captures Inter- and Intra-Individual Variation in Working Memory Capacity
Stevens, A. A., Tappon, S. C., Garg, A., & Fair, D. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030468 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Gut memories: Towards a cognitive neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome
Kennedy, P. J., Clarke, G., Quigley, E. M. M., Groeger, J. A., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.001 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Does stress alter everyday moral decision-making?
Starcke, K., Polzer, C., Wolf, O. T., & Brand, M. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.010 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
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Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease
Girotti, M., Adler, S. M., Bulin, S. E., Fucich, E. A., Paredes, D., & Morilak, D. A. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Does cortisol influence core executive functions? A meta-analysis of acute cortisol administration effects on working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting
Shields, G. S., Bonner, J. C., & Moons, W. G. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.017 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
It feels real: physiological responses to a stressful virtual reality environment and its impact on working memory
Martens, M., Antley, A., Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Harrison, P. J., & Tunbridge, E. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119860156 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Time-dependent corticosteroid modulation of prefrontal working memory processing
Henckens, M. J. A. G., van Wingen, G. A., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019128108 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The stressed prefrontal cortex and goal-directed behaviour: acute psychosocial stress impairs the flexible implementation of task goals
Plessow, F., Kiesel, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2943-1 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates Acute Stress‐Induced Kidney Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis through Inhibition of the ROS/JNK Signaling Pathway
Chen, Y., Feng, X., Hu, X., Sha, J., Li, B., Zhang, H., & Fan, H. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/4035310 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The role of attention control in complex real-world tasks
Draheim, C., Pak, R., Draheim, A. A., & Engle, R. W. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-02052-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Social cognition under stress: Differential effects of stress-induced cortisol elevations in healthy young men and women
Smeets, T., Dziobek, I., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.011 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
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Implications of psychosocial stress on memory formation in a typical male versus female student sample.
Cornelisse, S., van Stegeren, A. H., & Joëls, M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Stress-Induced Cortisol Level Elevations Are Associated With Reduced Negative Affect After Stress
Het, S., Schoofs, D., Rohleder, N., & Wolf, O. T. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31823a4a25 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
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When Does Stress Help or Harm? The Effects of Stress Controllability and Subjective Stress Response on Stroop Performance
Henderson, R. K., Snyder, H. R., Gupta, T., & Banich, M. (2012) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00179 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Stress Effects on Mood, HPA Axis, and Autonomic Response: Comparison of Three Psychosocial Stress Paradigms
Giles, G. E., Mahoney, C. R., Brunyé, T. T., Taylor, H. A., & Kanarek, R. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113618 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Identifying Sleep Regulatory Genes Using a Drosophila Model of Insomnia
Seugnet, L., Suzuki, Y., Thimgan, M. S., Donlea, J. M., Gimbel, S. I., Gottschalk, L., Duntley, S. P., & Shaw, P. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5629-08.2009 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Working memory is differentially affected by stress in men and women
Schoofs, D., Pabst, S., Brand, M., & Wolf, O. T. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.004 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Steroid hormones in the saliva of adolescents after different exercise intensities and their influence on working memory in a school setting.
Budde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Pietrassyk-Kendziorra, S., Machado, S. A. S., Ribeiro, P., & Arafat, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.015 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Effects of Acute Laboratory Stress on Executive Functions
Starcke, K., Wiesen, C., Trotzke, P., & Brand, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00461 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The scanner as a stressor: Evidence from subjective and neuroendocrine stress parameters in the time course of a functional magnetic resonance imaging session
Muehlhan, M., Lueken, U., Wïttchen, H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.09.009 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The role of working memory in sport
Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2010) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2010.526238 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Acute stress affects risk taking but not ambiguity aversion
Buckert, M., Schwieren, C., Kudielka, B. M., & Fiebach, C. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00082 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Developmental Links Between Children’s Working Memory and their Social Relations with Teachers and Peers in the Early School Years
de Wilde, A., Koot, H. M., & van Lier, P. A. C. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0053-4 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Stress shifts brain activation towards ventral ‘affective’ areas during emotional distraction
Oei, N. Y. L., Veer, I. M., Wolf, O. T., Spinhoven, P., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Elzinga, B. M. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr024 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
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Effects of chronic stress on cognitive function – From neurobiology to intervention
Girotti, M., Bulin, S. E., & Carreno, F. R. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100670 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
High-intensity stress elicits robust cortisol increases, and impairs working memory and visuo-spatial declarative memory in Special Forces candidates: A field experiment
Taverniers, J., Ruysseveldt, J. V., Smeets, T., & von Grumbkow, J. (2010) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253891003642394 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cognitive Resources Moderate the Relationship Between Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Green Behavior
Langenbach, B. P., Berger, S., Baumgärtner, T., & Knoch, D. (2019) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916519843127 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effects of acute psychosocial stress on working memory related brain activity in men
Weerda, R., Muehlhan, M., Wolf, O. T., & Thiel, C. M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20945 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
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A Randomized Trial on Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade in Men: Effects on Stress Responses, Selective Attention, and Memory
Cornelisse, S., Joëls, M., & Smeets, T. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.162 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Go no-go performance under psychosocial stress: Beneficial effects of implementation intentions
Scholz, U., Marca, R. L., Nater, U. M., Aberle, I., Ehlert, U., Hornung, R., Martin, M., & Kliegel, M. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Stress modulates reinforcement learning in younger and older adults.
Lighthall, N. R., Gorlick, M. A., Schoeke, A., Frank, M. J., & Mather, M. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0029823 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems
Packard, A. E. B., Egan, A. E., & Ulrich‐Lai, Y. M. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150042 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Impairments of Spatial Working Memory and Attention Following Acute Psychosocial Stress: Psychosocial Stress and Cognition
Olver, J. S., Pinney, M., Maruff, P., & Norman, T. R. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2533 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating glucocorticoid effects on memory for emotional experiences
Atsak, P., Roozendaal, B., & Campolongo, P. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.047 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Working memory-related frontal theta activity is decreased under acute stress
Gärtner, M., Rohde-Liebenau, L., Grimm, S., & Bajbouj, M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.009 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Stress reduces use of negative feedback in a feedback-based learning task.
Petzold, A., Plessow, F., Goschke, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018930 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Working memory and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. (2011) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Stress disrupts context-dependent memoryPreprint
Schwabe, L., Böhringer, A., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1257509 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Health theory of coping
Stallman, H. M. (2020) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12465 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hydrocortisone reduces emotional distracter interference in working memory
Oei, N. Y. L., Tollenaar, M. S., Spinhoven, P., & Elzinga, B. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.015 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Acute stress impairs inhibitory control based on individual differences in parasympathetic nervous system activity
Roos, L. E., Knight, E. L., Beauchamp, K. G., Berkman, E. T., Faraday, K., Hyslop, K., & Fisher, P. A. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.004 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Psychosocial stress exposure impairs memory retrieval in children
Quesada, A. A., Wiemers, U. S., Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.013 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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The effect of moderate acute psychological stress on working memory-related neural activity is modulated by a genetic variation in catecholaminergic function in humans
Qin, S., Cousijn, H., Rijpkema, M., Luo, J., Franke, B., Hermans, E. J., & Fernández, G. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00016 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“, 2008, 2009), particularly when high levels of cortisol and noradrenergic activity occurred concurrently (Elzinga and Roelofs, 2005; Schoofs et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Occupational stressors and job performance: An updated review and recommendations
Rosen, C. C., Chang, C.-H. D., Djurdjevic, E., & Eatough, E. M. (2010) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2010)0000008004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Stress and decision making: neural correlates of the interaction between stress, executive functions, and decision making under risk
Gathmann, B., Schulte, F. P., Maderwald, S., Pawlikowski, M., Starcke, K., Schäfer, L. C., Schöler, T., Wolf, O. T., & Brand, M. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3808-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Decomposing the n-back task: An individual differences study using the reference-back paradigm
Rac-Lubashevsky, R., & Kessler, Y. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
I’m going to fail! Acute cognitive performance anxiety increases threat-interference and impairs WM performance
Angelidis, A., Solis, E. C., Lautenbach, F., van der Does, W. A. J., & Putman, P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210824 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Impaired hippocampus-dependent and -independent learning in IL-6 deficient mice.
Baier, P. C., May, U., Scheller, J., Rose-John, S., & Schiffelholz, T. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent life stress exposure on health in young adults
Shields, G. S., Moons, W. G., & Slavich, G. M. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1286322 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Anticipatory stress interferes with utilitarian moral judgment
Starcke, K., Ludwig, A.-C., & Brand, M. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001832 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
TNF-α from hippocampal microglia induces working memory deficits by acute stress in mice
Ohgidani, M., Kato, T. A., Sagata, N., Hayakawa, K., Shimokawa, N., Sato‐Kasai, M., & Kanba, S. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.022 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Prenatal psychosocial stress exposure is associated with subsequent working memory performance in young women.
Entringer, S., Buß, C., Kumsta, R., Hellhammer, D. H., Wadhwa, P. D., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0016265 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Are salivary gonadal steroid concentrations influenced by acute psychosocial stress? A study using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)
Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Paradoxical effects of stress and an executive task on decisions under risk.
Pabst, S., Schoofs, D., Pawlikowski, M., Brand, M., & Wolf, O. T. (2013) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0032334 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Close relationships and self-regulation: How relationship satisfaction facilitates momentary goal pursuit.
Hofmann, W., Finkel, E. J., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000020 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Pornographic Picture Processing Interferes with Working Memory Performance
Laier, C., Schulte, F. P., & Brand, M. (2012) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.716873 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Recent life stress exposure is associated with poorer long-term memory, working memory, and self-reported memory
Shields, G. S., Doty, D., Shields, R. H., Gower, G., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1380620 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Acute psychosocial stress effects on memory performance: Relevance of age and sex
Hidalgo, V., Pulopulos, M. M., & Salvador, A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.013 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Inhibitory control and teacher–child conflict: Reciprocal associations across the elementary-school years
Berry, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.10.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Stress and memory retrieval in women: No strong impairing effect during the luteal phase.
Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0015625 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
Merz, C. J., Hermann, A., Stark, R. M., & Wolf, O. T. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst137 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
The association of perceived stress and verbal memory is greater in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected women
Rubin, L. H., Cook, J. Α., Weber, K. M., Cohen, M. H., Martin, E. M., Valcour, V., Milam, J. E., Anastos, K., Young, M., Alden, C. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0331-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Wearable EEG-HEG-HRV Multimodal System With Simultaneous Monitoring of tES for Mental Health Management
Ha, U., Lee, Y., Kim, H., Roh, T., Bae, J., Kim, C., & Yoo, H. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2015.2504959 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mild acute stress improves response speed without impairing accuracy or interference control in two selective attention tasks: Implications for theories of stress and cognition
Shields, G. S., Rivers, A. M., Ramey, M. M., Trainor, B. C., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Stress, Coping and Cognitive Deficits in Women After Surgery for Breast Cancer
Reid‐Arndt, S. A., & Cox, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9274-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cognitive performance is associated with cerebral oxygenation and peripheral oxygen saturation, but not plasma catecholamines, during graded normobaric hypoxia
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Affective decision making under uncertainty during a plausible aviation task: An fMRI study
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Authors: Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T.
Affiliations: Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
Corresponding author: Wolf, Oliver T.
ORCID: Wolf, Oliver T.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 5
Pages: 643-653
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004
OpenAlex: W2106673407
Semantic Scholar: 87cef5ba5bb29154704cb81de2376ff5360b6a6f
Cited by: 483
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 11.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Universität Bielefeld
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: psychosocial stress, working memory, n-back task, Trier Social Stress Test, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, negative affect, acute stress, task difficulty, reaction time, cognitive performance
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, alpha-Amylases, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Reaction Time, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors

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Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.

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