General and persistent effects of high-intensity sweeteners on body weight gain and caloric compensation in rats.
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In an earlier work (S. E. Swithers & T. L. Davidson, 2008), rats provided with a fixed amount of a yogurt diet mixed with saccharin gained more weight and showed impaired caloric compensation relative to rats given the same amount of yogurt mixed with glucose. The present 4 experiments examined the generality of these findings and demonstrated that increased body weight gain was also demonstrated when animals consumed a yogurt diet sweetened with an alternative high-intensity sweetener (acesulfame potassium; AceK) as well as in animals given a saccharin-sweetened base diet (refried beans) that was calorically similar but nutritionally distinct from low-fat yogurt. These studies also extended earlier findings by showing that body weight differences persist after saccharin-sweetened diets are discontinued and following a shift to a diet sweetened with glucose. In addition, rats first exposed to a diet sweetened with glucose still gain additional weight when subsequently exposed to a saccharin-sweetened diet. The results of these experiments add support to the hypothesis that exposure to weak or nonpredictive relationships between sweet tastes and caloric consequences may lead to positive energy balance.
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Rats given a yogurt diet with saccharin gained more weight and compensated less well for energy than rats given yogurt with glucose.
“Rats fed a yogurt-based diet mixed with saccharin gained more weight and had impaired energy compensation relative to rats given yogurt mixed with glucose.”
From Sweetness and Food Preference (2012) · cites this paper as [65]
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“Swithers, Baker, and Davidson (2009) found that these effects could also be obtained with noncaloric sweeteners with chemical structures that are distinct from saccharin (acesulfame potassium, AceK) and when noncaloric sweeteners were mixed in supplements other than yogurt (refried beans).”
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“Evidence across several studies has been interpreted as showing that such “non-predictive” flavour-nutrient associations increase food intake, bodyweight, and adiposity [11,12,13,14,15,16,17].”
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“This association is consistent with studies in rodents showing that LCS consumption elicits weight gain (Swithers et al., 2009).”
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“Overall, these results suggest that consumption of saccharin or other non-caloric sweeteners may decrease the ability of the organism to upregulate energy utilization, a physiological response that usually follows sugar ingestion (Swithers et al., 2009).”
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Fat substitutes promote weight gain in rats consuming high-fat diets.
Swithers, S. E., Ogden, S. B., & Davidson, T. L. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0024404 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“(Davidson & Swithers, 2004; Swithers et al., 2009; Swithers & Davidson, 2008; Swithers, Martin, Clark et al., 2010; Swithers, Martin, & Davidson, 2010).”
ResultSelf-citationChakravartti, S. P., Jann, K., Veit, R., Liu, H., Yunker, A. G., ANGELO, B. C., Monterosso, J. R., Xiang, A. H., Kullmann, S., & Page, K. A. (2025) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-025-01227-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“These results support the notion, initially observed in rodents 16,41 , that non-caloric sweeteners may alter appetite by interfering with the conventional neural responses to sweet taste and nutrient signalling observed with caloric sugar.”
Nutrient-Sensing Biology in Mammals and Birds
Roura, E., & Foster, S. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014740 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Similar results have been reported in mice, which preferred sugars over noncaloric sweeteners in long-term tests (31, 32).”
ResultNot so Sweet Revenge: Unanticipated Consequences of High-Intensity Sweeteners
Swithers, S. E. (2015) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/s40614-015-0028-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…extra weight, and are fatter than rats given dietary supplements sweetened with a caloric sugar (Davidson et al. 2011; Davidson and Swithers 2004; Swithers et al. 2009, 2010a, b; Swithers and Davidson 2008), consistent with a causal relationship between consumption of artificial sweeteners and…”
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“Indeed, prolonged consumption of foods or fluids containing acesulfame-K or saccharin, in comparison with glucose, has led to an increase in food intake, body weight and body fat accumulation in rats(20,21).”
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Andrejić-Višnjić, B., Mijatović, V., Samojlik, I., Horvat, O., Ćalasan, J., & Djolai, M. (2013) · Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences · doi:10.17305/bjbms.2013.2372 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Low-energy sweeteners and body weight: a citation network analysis
Normand, M., Ritz, C., Mela, D. J., & Raben, A. (2021) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000210 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The T1R2/T1R3 Sweet Receptor and TRPM5 Ion Channel
Sprous, D. G., & Palmer, R. K. (2010) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/s1877-1173(10)91006-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“A situation would then be created where compensatory mechanisms of ingestive behavior and metabolism normally set into motion by sweet taste are reduced when carbohydrates are present in the gut.(25,26) Others still have proposed that sweet receptor ligands, whether nutritive or noncaloric, could directly stimulate re…”
BackgroundKato, A., Kunimatsu, T., Yamashita, Y., Adachi, I., Takeshita, K., & Ishikawa, F. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf304683s · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10-16 year old students
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Nonnutritive Sweeteners, Fructose, and Other Aspects of Diet
Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0448 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Although there is an animal model showing that overeating follows exposure to saccharinand sucrose-containing beverages (15), Bellisle commented that there is no evidence that human consumption of diet beverages increases either appetite or energy intake (16) and, indeed, that frequent users of nonnutritive sweeteners…”
BackgroundKendig, M. D., Fu, M. X., Rehn, S., Martire, S. I., Boakes, R. A., & Rooney, K. B. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Barrios-Correa, A. A., Estrada, J. A., Martel, C., Olivier, M., López‐Santiago, R., & Contreras, I. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/3628121 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does eating good-tasting food influence body weight?
Tordoff, M. G., Pearson, J. A., Ellis, H. T., & Poole, R. L. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Knight, C. P., Hauser, S. R., Deehan, G. A., Toalston, J. E., McBride, W. J., & Rodd, Z. A. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Similar to stimulus habituation, the field of ingestive behaviors has consistently reported that rodents habituate to oral neutral stimuli (Swithers, 1996; Swithers et al., 2009; Davidson et al., 2014).”
Sweetening Agents and Sweeteners in Dietary Supplements for Children-Analysis of the Polish Market
Piekara, A., Krzywonos, M., & Szymańska, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082387 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Moreover, animal studies confirmed that the consumption of sweeteners might result in metabolic dysregulation [45,46], whereas in humans, they have been associated with weight gain and diabetes [47,48].”
BackgroundIn search of flavour-nutrient learning. A study of the Samburu pastoralists of North-Central Kenya
Brunstrom, J. M., Rogers, P. J., Myers, K. P., & Holtzman, J. D. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.079 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“However, recent data from epidemiological studies in humans [18,31,38] and studies in animal models [8,56,58] have revealed a link between a variety of negative health outcomes and beverages sweetened with high-intensity, noncaloric sweeteners.”
Consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos y estado nutricional de escolares de 10-16 años
Durán‐Agüero, S., Oñate, G., & Rivera, P. A. H. (2014) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2014.207 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rashad, N. M., Abdelsamad, M. A. E., Amer, A. M., Sitohy, M. Z., & Mousa, M. M. (2019) · The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.4103/ejim.ejim_68_18 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nutritional Implications of Taste and Smell Dysfunction
Lee, J. C. L., Tucker, R. M., Tan, S., Running, C. A., Jones, J. B., & Mattes, R. D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch37 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Do low-calorie sweeteners promote weight gain in rodents?
Glendinning, J. I. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.043 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tovar, A. P., Navalta, J. W., Kruskall, L. J., & Young, J. C. (2017) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0120 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Possible mechanisms for the metabolic activity of NNS include altered ability to compensate for calories expected by sweet taste (Swithers et al. 2009; Davidson et al. 2011), alterations in the gut microbiota processing of nutrients (Palmnas et al.”
BackgroundBissonnette, D. J., List, S., Knoblich, P., & Hadley, M. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21920 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“(8,9) showed that rodents consuming NNS-sweetened food or beverages had greater food intake, body weight gain, and”
BackgroundImpact of non-sugar sweeteners on metabolism beyond sweet taste perception
Herzog, H., Zhang, L., Fontana, L., & Neely, G. G. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.10.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Seitz, B. M., Flaim, M. E., & Blaisdell, A. P. (2020) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-020-00419-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Saccharin pre‐exposure enhances appetitive flavor learning in pre‐weanling rats
Swithers, S. E., Ogden, S. B., Laboy, A. F., & Davidson, T. L. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21047 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCho, M., Park, H., Lee, S. H., Kim, M.-J., & Jang, M. (2024) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/bbb/zbae043 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lollipop supplements- nutrient-dense foods or sweets in disguise?
Piekara, A., Krzywonos, M., & Pstrowska, K. (2020) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103436 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mendoza-Pérez, S., Orta-Méndez-y-Sánchez, I., García-Gómez, R. S., Ordáz‐Nava, G., Gracia‐Mora, I., Macías‐Rosales, L., Rico-Morales, H., Salas‐Garrido, G., & Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa, M. D. C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298251 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Interestingly, Swithers et al. [55] complement this idea indicating that sweet taste without any associated energy produces significant effects compared with sweet taste associated with energy, and as time goes by these effects may contribute to a positive energy balance and an increase in body…”
Backgroundde-la-Cruz, M., Millán‐Aldaco, D., Soriano-Nava, D. M., Drucker-Colı́n, R., & Murillo‐Rodríguez, E. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Research Progress on the Relationship Between Artificial Sweeteners and Breast Cancer
Yu, X., Yu, Z., Chen, X., Liu, M., Yang, F., & Cheung, K. C.-P. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122871 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of temperature and/or sweetness of beverages on body composition in rats
Ragi, M.-E. E., El-Helou, N., El-Mallah, C. A., Eid, A. A., & Obeid, O. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520003359 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Additionally, the weight gain of rats maintained on non-energetic sweetened (acesulfame K or saccharin) yogurt was higher than that kept on glucose sweet-ened yogurt (48) .”
Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., Mendoza, A. D. G., Gallegos-Silva, I., López‐Narváez, M. L., Juárez‐Rojop, I. E., Díaz-Zagoya, J. C., Tovilla‐Zárate, C. A., González‐Castro, T. B., Nicolini, H., & Solis-Medina, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040490 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This elevated energy intake may be an effect of the dysregulation promoted by the LNSs in the perception of sweet taste and caloric content [34].”
BackgroundSilva, A. P. S., Brasiel, P. G. D. A., & Luquetti, S. C. P. D. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.14740/jem547 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
LaMagna, S., Olsson, K., Warshaw, D., Fazilov, G., Iskhakov, B., Buras, A., & Bodnar, R. J. (2018) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1436216 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“Over the period, the attention of consumers to synthetic sweeteners has increased because of their low calories, significance in diabetes and obesity, and organization to keep away from the effects of sucrose [1–2].”
BackgroundMyers, K. P. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199330454.003.0002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Utilization of Stevia Leaves Powder in Reduced Calorie Cake
Elsebaie, E. M., & Mostafa, S. (2018) · Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences · doi:10.21608/jfds.2018.35212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“bladder when they are used heavily (Swithers et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLes édulcorants intenses : utiles pour lutter contre l’obésité ?
Goudable, J. (2011) · Obésité · doi:10.1007/s11690-012-0304-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Miranda, M. I., Rangel-Hernández, A., Vera‐Rivera, G., Cortés, C. M. A. C., & Eguibar, J. R. (2020) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-020-01415-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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The effect of nutritional labels on the facilitation of food image detection
González, A., Ojedo, F., Ruiz, I., & de Brugada, I. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105547 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beverage intake by Canadian children and its relationship to overweight and obesity
Danyliw, A. D. (2010) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dlamini, S. N. (2014) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bridge-Comer, P. E., Vickers, M. H., & Reynolds, C. M. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0239.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, who suggested AS consumption impairs an animal’s ability to predict caloric intake based on sweet taste, thereby disrupting caloric intake, fed rats AS-treated yoghurt, which potentially masked the sweetness of the AS and may have influenced gut microbiota independently of AS [24].”
BackgroundBartoshuk, L. M. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn203 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Martin, A. (2010) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)
Low Calorie Sweeteners and Weight Management
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Asma, R., & Benali, M. (2020) · Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics · doi:10.22270/jddt.v10i6.4534
“According to a study of Swithers et al., 2009, the use of sweeteners such as aspartame and saccharin in yogurt promotes weight gain in the rat.”
Efecto del consumo de endulzantes en la ingesta de energía y tejido adiposo: una revisión
Castillo, J. G., Rodríguez, G. L., Álvarez, J., & Chávez, S. D. A. (2021) · Educación y Salud Boletín Científico Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo · doi:10.29057/icsa.v9i18.6563
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- Authors
- Swithers, S. E., Baker, C. R., & Davidson, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 772-780
- ISSN
- 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0084
- PMC
- PMC2785491
- OpenAlex
- W2000643989
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 DK076078; P01 HD052112)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- high-intensity sweeteners, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, weight gain, caloric compensation, energy balance, low-fat yogurt, glucose, rats
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Glucose, Fabaceae, Male, Random Allocation, Saccharin, Sweetening Agents, Thiazines, Time Factors, Yogurt, Weight Gain, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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