Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners

Pepino, M. Yanina

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024

Cited by 285Biochemical Analysis and Sensing TechniquesDiet, Metabolism, and DiseaseRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners

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Pepino, M. Yanina·2015·Physiology & Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024PMC PMC4661066

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Abstract

Until recently, the general belief was that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) were healthy sugar substitutes because they provide sweet taste without calories or glycemic effects. However, data from several epidemiological studies have found that consumption of NNSs, mainly in diet sodas, is associated with increased risk to develop obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The main purpose of this article is to review recent scientific evidence supporting potential mechanisms that explain how "metabolically inactive" NNSs, which have few, if any, calories, might promote metabolic dysregulation. Three potential mechanisms, which are not mutually exclusive, are presented: 1) NNSs interfere with learned responses that contribute to control glucose and energy homeostasis, 2) NNSs interfere with gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, and 3) NNSs interact with sweet-taste receptors expressed throughout the digestive system that play a role in glucose absorption and trigger insulin secretion. In addition, recent findings from our laboratory showing an association between individual taste sensitivity to detect sucralose and sucralose's acute effects on metabolic response to an oral glucose load are reported. Taken as a whole, data support the notion that NNSs have metabolic effects. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which NNSs may drive metabolic dysregulation and better understand potential effects of these commonly used food additives.

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Based on animal experiments and limited human data, artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners may not be benign, with potential impact on cognitive processes, oral-gastrointestinal taste receptors, glucose-insulin and energy homeostasis, metabolic hormones, and the gut microbiome.
“However, based on animal experiments and limited human data, these artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners may not be benign, with potential impact on cognitive processes (e.g., reward, taste perception), oral-gastrointestinal taste receptors and glucose-insulin and energy homeostasis, metabolic hormones, and the gut microbiome.262-265”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [265]

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Authors: Pepino, M. Y.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Pepino, M. Yanina
ORCID: Pepino, M. Yanina
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-12
Volume: 152
Issue: Pt B
Pages: 450-455
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024
PMC: PMC4661066
OpenAlex: W627997057
Cited by: 285
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 3.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1 TR000448, KL2 TR000450)
NIH (DK 56341, DK 02057937)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: artificial sweeteners, diet soda, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, sucralose, taste sensitivity, gut microbiota, impaired glucose tolerance, sweet taste receptor, insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, energy homeostasis, food additives
MeSH terms: Animals, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Enteroendocrine Cells, Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

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Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners

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