The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder.
Abstract
Psychological assessment research concerns how to describe psychological dysfunction in ways that are both valid and useful. Recent advances in assessment research hold the promise of facilitating significant improvements in description and diagnosis. One such contribution is in the classification of personality disorder symptomatology. The American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual considers personality disorders to be categorically distinct entities. However, research assessing personality disorders has consistently supported a dimensional perspective. Recognition of the many limitations of categorical models of personality disorder classification has led to the development of a variety of alternative proposals, which further research has indicated can be integrated within a common hierarchical structure. This article offers an alternative integrated dimensional model of normal and abnormal personality structure, and it illustrates how such a model could be used clinically to describe patients' normal adaptive personality traits as well as their maladaptive personality traits that could provide the basis for future assessments of personality disorder. The empirical support, feasibility, and clinical utility of the proposal are discussed. Points of ambiguity and dispute are highlighted, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · Cited by 3,241
Personality Development: Stability and Change
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913 · Cited by 2,699
Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8 · Cited by 1,961
Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.4.362 · Cited by 1,653
Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: an integrative analytical framework
Edwards, J. R. (2001) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810142004 · Cited by 1,128
Genes, evolution, and personality
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1012294324713 · Cited by 1,085
Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model.
Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.2.71 · Cited by 957
Self-citationThe five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review
Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2002.09.001 · Cited by 915
Widiger, T. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.494 · Cited by 752
Self-citationLynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.3.401 · Cited by 688
Self-citation
Cited by
Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002674 · Cited by 1,908
Tyrer, P., Mulder, R., Kim, Y.-R., & Crawford, M. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095736 · Cited by 369
Wright, A. G. C., & Simms, L. J. (2014) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000037 · Cited by 309
Deriving an Empirical Structure of Personality Pathology for DSM-5
Krueger, R. F., Eaton, N. R., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., Markon, K. E., Derringer, J., Skodol, A., & Livesley, W. J. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.170 · Cited by 294
Self-citationFew, L. R., Miller, J. D., Rothbaum, A. O., Meller, S., Maples, J., Terry, D. P., Collins, B., & MacKillop, J. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034878 · Cited by 269
Metadata
- Authors
- Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Clark, L. A.
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 243-255
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2021915992
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 18
- FWCI
- 22.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: An integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/a0016606
- The paper
- Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Clark, L. A. (2009). An integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder. Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016606
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.