Cited by 693Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorGender Diversity and InequalityTeam Dynamics and Performance

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Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader–member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship.

Nishii, Lisa H., Mayer, David M.·2009·Journal of Applied Psychology

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Abstract

This research examines leader-member exchange (LMX) at the group level as a moderator of the relationships between demographic (i.e., race, age, gender) and tenure diversity and group turnover. Drawing primarily from LMX, social categorization, and expectation states theories, we hypothesized that through the pattern of LMX relationships that they develop with followers, group managers influence inclusion and status differentials within groups such that the positive relationship between diversity and group turnover will be weaker when the group mean on LMX is high or when group differentiation on LMX is low. Results from a sample of supermarket departments (N = 348) yielded general support for the study hypotheses. We also found evidence for a 3-way interaction involving demographic diversity, LMX mean, and LMX differentiation such that the interaction between demographic diversity and LMX differentiation was only significant when LMX mean was high. These findings highlight the important role that leaders play in influencing the relationship between diversity and turnover through the patterns of inclusion that they create in their units.

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Background
Managing Differences in the Workplace: Mindfulness-based Interventions
Yavuz, M. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2051-233320230000009004 · Cited by 2
Exploring Contemporary Perspectives in Organizational Behavior Research
Prasetya, E. (2024) · Advances in Human Resource Management Research · doi:10.60079/ahrmr.v2i1.239 · Cited by 6
Diversity Management
Mehra, S., & Sharma, K. (2018) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-4933-8.ch001 · Cited by 2
OTANTİK LİDERLİĞİN İŞE YABANCILAŞMAYA ETKİSİ VE LİDER-ÜYE ETKİLEŞİMİNİN BU İLİŞKİDEKİ DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ
ÇİÇEK, B., & Türkmenoğlu, M. A. (2020) · Beykoz Akademi Dergisi · doi:10.14514/byk.m.26515393.2020.8/2.41-59 · Cited by 4
Assessing employee turnover of young professionals in the wastewater sector : the East Rand Water Care case study
Kapa, M. W. (2015) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 2
An Examination of Leader-Member Exchange and Team Effectiveness
Allison, B. B. (2016) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 2
Can Female Leaders Mitigate the Negative Effects of Racial Diversity? National Leaders and Structural ShiftsPreprint
Perkins, S., Cho, J., Phillips, K. W., & Toosi, N. R. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2596978 · Cited by 2
The impact of inclusive leadership on employee engagement: the mediator of psychological capital and the moderator of job embeddedness
Zhou, Y. (2018) · NRCT Data Center · doi:10.14457/nida.the.2018.25 · Cited by 2
How can Organisations Support and Maximise the Contributions of Neurodiverse Employees?
Otaye‐Ebede, L., Loon, M. K. C., Stewart, J., & Nachmias, S. (2023) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/amproc.2023.16986abstract · Cited by 2
Diversity in the Executive Suite: A Longitudinal Examination of the Antecedents and Consequences of Top Management Team Heterogeneity
DeBode, J. D. (2014) · Cited by 2
Inclusive leadership in a multicultural work environment
Karadencheva, A. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25apr107 · Cited by 1
Cross-cultural leadership and remote team management in international business
Makhmudova, A. (2025) · Успіхи і досягнення у науці · doi:10.52058/3041-1254-2024-1(1)-478-488 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Psychological Capital on Contextual Performance in Grassroots Young Civil Servants: The Mediating Role of Leader-Member Exchange
唐, 溢. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.94095 · Cited by 1
Burnout and turnover intention: The moderating impacts of perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange (Evidence from Indonesian retail industry)
Putra, O. P. B., Sudibyo, Y. R., Safira, H., Pangaribuan, C. H., & Hidayat, D. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0112934 · Cited by 1
LIDERANÇA INCLUSIVA: PROMOVENDO O AVANÇO DO CAMPO
Furtado, L., Carvalho, J., & Sobral, F. J. B. D. A. (2024) · Revista de Administração de Empresas · doi:10.1590/s0034-759020240507x · Cited by 1
Beyond the Glass Ceiling
Al‐Omari, A. A. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8881-5.ch008 · Cited by 1
Centering the Voices of Racially and Ethnically Marginalized Groups in Behavior Analysis: A Survey on Student Experiences during Mentorship
Bell, M. C., Rios, D., Fahmie, T. A., & Charles, B. M. (2025) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-025-00201-z · Cited by 1
“Students from HMGs are also likely to experience isolation and racial battle fatigue while in advanced training programs, 1 which may lead to poor retention (Cirincione-Ulezi, 2020; Nishii & Mayer, 2009; Robinson-Wood et al., 2015; Stew-art et al., 2011).”
Workplace diversity in female-dominated industries and intraindividual identity conflict
Calderón-Orellana, M., & Berríos, R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321040 · Cited by 1
“As other studies have shown [36,68,69], difference manifests in different effects for different people; in particular, the difference has more pronounced consequences for those of lower status.”
Do employees’ perceptions of workplace diversity influence their turnover intentions? A sequential mediation analysis
Kaur, I., Jaiswal, A., & Mishra, G. (2025) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2025.2535294 · Cited by 1
A Social Hierarchy Perspective on the Detrimental Effects of Leader–Member Exchange Differentiation on Team Functioning: Leader‐Conferred Status Versus Member‐Conferred Status
Xu, J., Xu, E., & Huang, X. (2025) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.70005 · Cited by 1
Diversity management practices and employee engagement in multicultural workplaces: A moderated mediation study in Hungary’s service sector
Uslu, S., Alshaabani, A., & Rudnák, I. (2025) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.23(4).2025.14 · Cited by 1
“This aligns with Nishii and Mayer (2009), who emphasized that leaders’ visible commitment to inclusion strengthens the credibility of diversity initiatives.”
The Dark Side of Authentic Leadership
Dasborough, M. T., Todorova, G., & Qu, Y. E. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-722-220251005 · Cited by 1
Is There a Sweet Spot for Gender Diversity Effects on Financial Performance in Organizations? An S‐Curve Model Explanation
Richard, O. C., Gu, P., Avery, D. R., Triana, M. D. C., Stewart, M. M., & McKay, P. F. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.70043 · Cited by 1
Kapsayıcı Liderliğin İş Performansına Etkisi: İş Özerkliğinin Aracılık Rolü ve İş Deneyiminin Düzenleyici Rolü
KELEBEK, E. F. E. (2025) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1581393 · Cited by 1
Human Resource Management in the Energy Systems Sector: Challenges and Strategies for Sustainable Growth
Marinova-Stoyanova, M., & Gramchev, B. (2025) · Electrical Engineering Faculty Conference (BulEF) · doi:10.1109/bulef66320.2025.11298983 · Cited by 1
“Inclusive leadership, according to Nishii and Mayer, has been proven by research to have a positive correlation with organizational innovation and employee engagement [42].”

Authors: Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Mayer, David M.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009
Volume: 94
Issue: 6
Pages: 1412-1426
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/a0017190
OpenAlex: W2142896423
Cited by: 689
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 28.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
Keywords: leader-member exchange, demographic diversity, tenure diversity, inclusive leadership, status differentials, social categorization theory, expectation states theory, LMX differentiation
MeSH terms: Workforce, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Job Satisfaction, Leadership, Male, Personnel Turnover, Regression Analysis, Workplace, Cultural Diversity, Food Industry, Young Adult

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Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader–member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship.

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