The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation
Open accessAbstract
La presente revisión tiene como objetivo hacer una recopilación teórica sobre algunos de los aspectos que se encuentran relacionados con el bullying, comenzando por enunciar elementos fundamentales de la problemática. Posteriormente se exponen las características de las víctimas, victimarios y espectadores con los aspectos más relevantes de cada cual y las relaciones existentes entre sí. Se reconoce la preeminencia tanto internacional como nacional que supone y explica a su vez una novedosa forma de matoneo en el cyberbullying y la importancia que conlleva. Nota: Para consultar la carta de autorización de publicación de este documento por favor copie y pegue el siguiente enlace en su navegador de internet: http://hdl.handle.net/10818/11373
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For this reason, having problematic relationships with peers (i.e., being isolated, having no friends, not being liked by peers, etc.) is a strong risk factor for cybervictimization [52,53].”
From Cybervictimization and Online Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Association, and Predictors (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Peer victimisation affects 10%–35% of adolescents and is both a precursor and an outcome of emotional symptoms (Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim, & Sadek, 2010; Modecki, Minchin, Harbaugh, Guerra, & Runions, 2014; Moore et al., 2017; Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010).”
From A cross‐lagged twin study of emotional symptoms, social isolation and peer victimisation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim, & Sadek, 2010
Citations
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74 · Cited by 5,510
A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance
HOCHBERG, Y. (1988) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/75.4.800 · Cited by 4,829
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research.
Metcalfe, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348600 · Cited by 4,249
Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons‐Morton, B. G., & Scheidt, P. C. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094 · Cited by 3,805
Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis.
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.486 · Cited by 2,977
Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.102.3.357 · Cited by 2,962
The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression
Rubin, K. H., & Pepler, D. J. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203771693 · Cited by 2,747
Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00629 · Cited by 2,694
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1146 · Cited by 2,546
An improved Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance
SIMES, R. J. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.3.751 · Cited by 2,396
When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior.
Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.9.755 · Cited by 2,045
Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire
Solberg, M. E., & Olweus, D. (2003) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.10047 · Cited by 1,912
Olweus, D. (1994) · The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7_5 · Cited by 1,890
Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007318 · Cited by 1,842
Research on School Bullying and Victimization: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go From Here?
Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2003.12086206 · Cited by 1,301
Olweus, D. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,238
Masten, A. S., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Riley, J. R., Boelcke-Stennes, K., & Tellegen, A. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.5.733 · Cited by 1,152
Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research
Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804403 · Cited by 1,147
(2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315812397 · Cited by 1,106
Bullying Among Young Adolescents: The Strong, the Weak, and the Troubled
Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M. A. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.112.6.1231 · Cited by 1,038
Pellegrini, A. D., & Long, J. D. (2002) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151002166442 · Cited by 1,026
Prevalence and Predictors of Internet Bullying
Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018 · Cited by 1,010
Self-citationSchneider, S. K., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300308 · Cited by 966
School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives
Smith, P. K., & Sharp, S. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 943
Bullying at school—an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders
Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Rimpelä, M., Rantanen, P., & Rimpelä, A. (2000) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0351 · Cited by 916
Bullies, Victims, and Bully/Victims: Distinct Groups of At-Risk Youth
Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431601021001002 · Cited by 897
Synthesizing standardized mean‐change measures
Becker, B. J. (1988) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x · Cited by 889
The prevention of mental disorders in school-aged children: Current state of the field.
Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C. E., & Bumbarger, B. K. (2001) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.4.1.41a · Cited by 873
Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research: A Correlational Approach
Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (1999) · Cited by 854
How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research.
Merrell, K. W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S. W., & Isava, D. M. (2008) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26 · Cited by 836
(1992) · Cited by 824
Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey
Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Rimpelä, M., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Rimpelä, A., & Rantanen, P. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7206.348 · Cited by 780
Integrated Approaches to Preventing Antisocial Behavior Patterns among School-Age Children and Youth
Walker, H. M., Horner, R. H., Sugai, G. M., Bullis, M. D., Sprague, J. R., Bricker, D. D., & Kaufman, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342669600400401 · Cited by 780
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S. M., Oldehinkel, A. J., de Winter, A. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.672 · Cited by 773
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., Brondino, M. J., Scherer, D. G., & Hanley, J. H. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.65.5.821 · Cited by 755
Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T., & Bass, D. C. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.5.733 · Cited by 652
Participant role approach to school bullying: implications for interventions
Salmivalli, C. (1999) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0239 · Cited by 587
Smokowski, P. R., & Kopasz, K. H. (2005) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/27.2.101 · Cited by 576
Carney, A. G., & Merrell, K. W. (2001) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034301223011 · Cited by 570
Academic Achievement of K-12 Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Nelson, J. R., Benner, G. J., Lane, K. L., & Smith, B. W. (2004) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440290407100104 · Cited by 569
The Effectiveness of Whole-School Antibullying Programs: A Synthesis of Evaluation Research
Smith, J. D., Schneider, B. H., Smith, P. K., & Ananiadou, K. (2004) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2004.12086267 · Cited by 563
A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: The FAST Track Program
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004855 · Cited by 561
Bullying and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Elementary School-Age Children
Kumpulainen, K., Räsänen, E., Henttonen, I., Almqvist, F., Kresanov, K., Linna, S., Moilanen, I. K., Piha, J., Puura, K., & Tamminen, T. (1998) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00049-0 · Cited by 489
Factors Associated with Bullying Behavior in Middle School Students
Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., & Simon, T. R. (1999) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431699019003003 · Cited by 485
Multiple behavioral risk factor interventions in primary care
Goldstein, M. G., Whitlock, E. P., & DePue, J. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.04.023 · Cited by 467
Electronic Media, Violence, and Adolescents: An Emerging Public Health Problem
David-Ferdon, C., & Hertz, M. F. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.020 · Cited by 423
A developmental perspective on bullying
Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M., Connolly, J. A., Yuile, A., McMaster, L., & Jiang, D. (2006) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20136 · Cited by 421
Interventions for academic and behavior problems II : Preventive and remedial approaches
Shinn, M. R., Walker, H. M., & Stoner, G. D. (2002) · Cited by 417
Huesmann, L. R. (1994) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7 · Cited by 415
Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2003) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2003.12086213 · Cited by 383
Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1999) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1999.tb01050.x · Cited by 373
Smith, P. K. (2004) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2004.00089.x · Cited by 355
Effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy for maladapting children: A meta-analysis.
Durlak, J. A., Fuhrman, T., & Lampman, C. B. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.204 · Cited by 325
Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training for families with conduct problem children
Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1990) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80334-x · Cited by 296
Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries
Eslea, M., Menesini, E., Morita, Y., O’Moore, M., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Pereira, B., & Smith, P. K. (2004) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20006 · Cited by 295
Lonely in the crowd: Recollections of bullying
Schäfer, M., Korn, S., Smith, P. K., Hunter, S. C., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Singer, M., & van der Meulen, K. (2004) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/0261510041552756 · Cited by 286
Swearer, S. M., & Doll, B. J. (2001) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_02 · Cited by 270
Identifying and Targeting Risk for Involvement in Bullying and Victimization
Craig, W., & Pepler, D. J. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800903 · Cited by 258
Perceptions of the Peer Group and Friendship in Early Adolescence
Crockett, L. J., Losoff, M., & Petersen, A. C. (1984) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431684042004 · Cited by 236
Psychosocial Correlates in Bullying and Victimization
Swearer, S. M., Song, S. Y., Cary, P. T., Eagle, J. W., & Mickelson, W. T. (2001) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_07 · Cited by 214
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, R., Spindler, A. M., Guerra, N. G., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.179 · Cited by 202
Self-citationBULLY PREVENTION IN POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORT
Ross, S. W., & Horner, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-747 · Cited by 200
Bullying in elementary school, high school, and college.
Chapell, M. S., Hasselman, S. L., Kitchin, T., Lomon, S. N., MacIver, K. W., & Sarullo, P. L. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 200
Stein, J. A., Dukes, R. L., & Warren, J. I. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl023 · Cited by 193
Sharp, S. (1995) · Educational and Child Psychology · Cited by 192
Behaviorally Effective School Environments.
Sugai, G. M., Horner, R. H., & Gresham, F. M. (2002) · Cited by 189
Bullying among students and its consequences on health
Houbre, B., Tarquinio, C., Thuillier, I., & Hergott, E. (2006) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173576 · Cited by 185
Dornbusch, S. M. (1989) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.001313 · Cited by 181
Assessment of Bullying: A Review of Methods and Instruments
Crothers, L. M., & Levinson, E. M. (2004) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00338.x · Cited by 178
Sourander, A., Elonheimo, H., Niemelä, S., Nuutila, A.-M., Helenius, H. Y. M., Sillanmäki, L. H., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Kumpulainen, K., Moilanen, I. K., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi0000205699.58626.b5 · Cited by 172
Bully/victim problems in school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program
Olweus, D. (1997) · The Irish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/03033910.1997.10558138 · Cited by 169
Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Bullying in Middle School Youth
Swearer, S. M., & Cary, P. T. (2003) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1300/j008v19n02_05 · Cited by 160
Breaking The Cycle Of Violence: Interventions For Bullying And Victimization
Hazler, R. J. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 159
School Violence: Fears Versus Facts
Cornell, D. G. (2006) · Cited by 135
Using Dissertations to Examine Potential Bias in Child and Adolescent Clinical Trials.
McLeod, B. D., & Weisz, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.235 · Cited by 125
Aggression Replacement Training: Curriculum and Evaluation
Goldstein, A. P., & Glick, B. (1994) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878194251003 · Cited by 108
The Good, the Bad, and the Borderline: Separating Teasing from Bullying
Mills, C. B., & Carwile, A. M. (2009) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520902783666 · Cited by 105
Aggression and school social dynamics: The good, the bad, and the ordinary
Farmer, T. W., & Xie, H. (2007) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.06.008 · Cited by 101
Bullying: Considerations for defining and intervening in school settings
Elinoff, M. J., Chafouleas, S. M., & Sassu, K. A. (2004) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20045 · Cited by 101
A Stuttering Education and Bullying Awareness and Prevention Resource: A Feasibility Study
Langevin, M., & Prasad, N. (2012) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2012/11-0031 · Cited by 88
Association between measures of aggression and bullying among juvenile and young offenders
Ireland, J. L., & Archer, J. E. (2004) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20007 · Cited by 83
Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203864968-30 · Cited by 83
Bullying behavior: current issues, research, and interventions
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3704 · Cited by 79
Pupil Insights into Bullying, and Coping with Bullying
Kanetsuna, T., & Smith, P. K. (2002) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1300/j202v01n03_02 · Cited by 78
Explicit- and Implicit Bullying Attitudes in Relation to Bullying Behavior
van Goethem, A. A. J., Scholte, R. H. J., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9405-2 · Cited by 75
Matsunaga, M. (2009) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01345.x · Cited by 70
Tolan, P. H., Guerra, N. G., & Kendall, P. C. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.63.4.515 · Cited by 60
Self-citationErvin, R. A., Miller, P. M., & Friman, P. C. (1996) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-251 · Cited by 54
Factores de vulnerabilidad y riesgo asociados al bullying
Sierra, P. A. (2012) · Revista CES Psicología · Cited by 46
An Examination of Specific Types of Ijime within Japanese Schools
Rios‐Ellis, B., Bellamy, L., & Shojic, J. (2000) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034300213001 · Cited by 46
Publication bias and the evaluation of psychotherapy efficacy in reviews of the research literature
Sohn, D. A. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00005-0 · Cited by 28
The prevention of mental disorders
Gruenberg, E. M. (1959) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(59)90159-6 · Cited by 27
Matsunaga, M. (2010) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751003758235 · Cited by 25
The Relationship between Bullying Roles and Children's Everyday Dyadic Interactions
Murphy, S., & Faulkner, D. M. (2011) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00597.x · Cited by 19
Two Sides of the Coin: The Bully and the Bullied
Warren, B. J. (2011) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20110830-01 · Cited by 13
Responsabilidad civil parental por acoso escolar del hijo menor de edad en Colombia
Jaramillo, L. M. E., Rendón, N. A. P., Vanegas, J. S., Castañeda, D. H., & Hurtado, D. A. D. (2012) · Revista Digital Palabra (Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana) · Cited by 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bullying Prevalence Across Contexts: A Meta-analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007 · Cited by 1,659
Self-citationSchool Bullying: Development and Some Important Challenges
Olweus, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516 · Cited by 1,406
Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018 · Cited by 1,295
Domitrovich, C. E., Durlak, J. A., Staley, K. C., & Weissberg, R. P. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12739 · Cited by 880
Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions
Menesini, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2017) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740 · Cited by 1,080
Metadata
- Authors
- Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Venue
- School Psychology Quarterly
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 65-83
- ISSN
- 1045-3830 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1560
- OpenAlex
- W2118363235
- Semantic Scholar
- 6296094175e39f3a087fa28df2d008bde5dfecc1
- Cited by
- 1,758
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 71.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- School Psychology Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Intellectum (Universidad de La Sabana) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- bullying, bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, bullying bystanders, cyberbullying, predictors of bullying, childhood, adolescence, victim characteristics, offender characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review