Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. METHODS: In the fall of 2008, 20,406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. RESULTS: A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health.
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Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically.
“Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically [3,22,23,24].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Sexual-minority youth are victims of cyberbullying at more than twice the rate of their heterosexual peers.
“sexual-minority youth are victims of cyberbullying at more than twice the rate of their heterosexual peers [24].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Schneider et al. (2012) reported depressive symptomology, suicide ideation, self-injury and suicide attempt among victims (grades 9-12, US, N=20406).
“Schneider et al. (2012) | Grades 9-12 | 20,406 United States Victim | Depressive symptomology, suicide ideation, self-injury and suicide attempt”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Schneider et al. (2012)
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“…online harassment report greater psychological distress (Ybarra et al. 2006), depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation (Bonanno and Hymel 2013; Schneider et al. 2012; van Geel et al. 2014) as well as higher rates of academic disengagement and delinquency (Ybarra et al. 2007) than those…”
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“Since cyberbullying is common in high school settings [36], we chose freshmen and seniors as are co-designers; this allowed us to gain insights into how perspectives vary between younger and older adolescents, who have different degrees of access to technology and”
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“…suggests that cyberbullying involvement is associated with several negative outcomes including problem behavior (e.g., substance use, peer aggression), as well as school performance, attachment, and satisfaction (Arslan et al., 2012; Kowalski & Limber, 2013; Marciano et al., 2020; Schneider, 2012).”
BackgroundCyberbullying, psychological distress and self-esteem among youth in Quebec schools
Cénat, J. M., Hébert, M., Blais, M., Lavoie, F., Guerrier, M., & Derivois, D. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.019 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Salmon, S., Turner, S. E., Taillieu, T., Fortier, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.005 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Bouris, A. M., Everett, B. G., Heath, R. D., Elsaesser, C. M., & Neilands, T. B. (2015) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2015.0037 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Consistent with prior research, our descriptive statistics show that SMY report more suicidal ideation and behaviors than do HY.”
InfluentialCoulter, R. W. S., Bersamin, M. M., Russell, S. T., & Mair, C. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.004 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Cao, X., Khan, A., Ali, A., & Khan, N. A. (2019) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-019-09936-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Ye, Z., Wu, D., He, X., Ma, Q., Peng, J., Mao, G., Feng, L., & Tong, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04681-4 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Some authors have argued that the consequences of cyberbullying are similar to those of traditional bullying [37, 61]; others believe that cyberbullying is more distressing than traditional bullying [62].”
BackgroundReed, K. P., Nugent, W. R., & Cooper, R. L. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.016 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
UNESCO (2016) · UNESCO eBooks · doi:10.54675/hsck2832 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Victimhood: The affective politics of vulnerability
Chouliaraki, L. (2020) · European Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367549420979316 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Cyberbullying among school children, for instance, extends and potentially intensifies claims to trauma already made about schoolyard bullying (Schneider et al 2012), while trolling raises claims to trauma by causing psychological harm and potentially leads to social injury in that it can silence…”
BackgroundLongitudinal Associations Between Cybervictimization and Mental Health Among U.S. Adolescents
Rose, C. A., & Tynes, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.05.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“[19] reported that students who only experience traditional victimization, cybervictimization, and both forms of victimization are 2.”
BackgroundBaiden, P., & Tadeo, S. K. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104417 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Goldweber, A., Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2013) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2013.04.004 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Bullying, cyberbullying, and mental health in young people
Landstedt, E., & Persson, S. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494814525004 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The strong relationships between IRL bullying, cyberbullying, and depressive symptoms in both boys and girls support existing literature [11, 18].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAccurate Cyberbullying Detection and Prevention on Social Media
Perera, A., & Fernando, P. (2021) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.207 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Factors influencing bystanders' behavioral reactions in cyberbullying situations
Song, J., & Oh, I. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.008 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“…Huang, & Fan, 2013), cyberbullying victimization may also have a similar link with dropouts based on previous studies demonstrating similar or more severe negative outcomes than traditional bullying (Campbell, Slee, Spears, Butler, & Kift, 2013; Kowalski et al., 2012; Schneider et al., 2012).”
ResultBeing a cybervictim and a cyberbully – The duality of cyberbullying: A meta-analysis
Lozano-Blasco, R., Cortés-Pascual, A., & Latorre-Martínez, M. P. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106444 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Bastiaensens, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12134 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Email: sara.bastiaensens@uantwerpen.be VC 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd & Dalgleish, 2010; Schneider et al., 2012).”
Peer Victimization in Fifth Grade and Health in Tenth Grade
Bogart, L. M., Elliott, M. N., Klein, D. J., Tortolero, S. R., Mrug, S., Peskin, M. F., Davies, S. L., Schink, E. T., & Schuster, M. A. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3510 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cyberbullying in Children and Youth: Implications for Health and Clinical Practice
Vaillancourt, T., Faris, R., & Mishna, F. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716684791 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Schneider et al.32 compared cyberbullying and traditional bullying in relation to psychological distress in a large study of 20,406 American high school students.”
BackgroundDoes cyberbullying impact youth suicidal behaviors?
Nikolaou, D. (2017) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.09.009 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Sly, P. D., Whitehouse, A., Zubrick, S. R., & Scott, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.006 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Hamilton, H. A. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.011 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Studies have also shown that adolescents who are victims of cyberbullying report more internalizing problems such as increased psychological distress, depression, and suicidal ideation and attempts [41,22,42,34].”
BackgroundPeluchette, J. V., Karl, K. A., Wood, C., & Williams, J. S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.028 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Schneider, S. K., O’Donnell, L. N., & Smith, E. (2015) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12290 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Giménez Gualdo, A. M., Hunter, S. C., Durkin, K., Arnaiz, P., & Maquilón, J. J. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.11.013 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Peng, Z., Klomek, A. B., Li, L., Su, X., Sillanmäki, L. H., Chudal, R., & Sourander, A. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2319-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Dorol--Beauroy-Eustache, O., & Mishara, B. L. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106684 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Merrill, R. M., & Hanson, C. L. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2833-3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“An association between bullying victimization and mental health problems has been observed previously in several studies [64–68].”
ResultDuong, J., & Bradshaw, C. (2014) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12196 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Stimulators of Social Media Fatigue Among Students: Role of Moral Disengagement
Cao, X., Khan, A. N., Zaigham, G. H. K., & Khan, N. A. (2019) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633118781907 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Díaz-Herrero, Á., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112856 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Victimization of LGBTQ Students at School: A Meta-Analysis
Myers, W., Turanovic, J. J., Lloyd, K. M., & Pratt, T. C. (2020) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2020.1725530 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
New technologies and 21st century children
Graafland, J. H. (2018) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/e071a505-en · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Kennedy, R. S. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101485 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Middle School Students' Social Media Use.
Martin, F., Wang, C., Petty, T. M., Wang, W., & Wilkins, P. (2018) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Marengo, D., Jungert, T., Iotti, N. O., Settanni, M., Thornberg, R., & Longobardi, C. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1481199 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Perceptions and attributions of bystanders to cyber bullying
Holfeld, B. J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.012 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Prevalence and characteristics of victims and perpetrators of bullying
Rech, R. R., Halpern, R., Tedesco, A., & Santos, D. F. (2013) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2013.03.006 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Social Media Use among Adolescents: Benefits and Risks
Reid, D., & Weigle, P. E. (2014) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/221067660402140709115810 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Feelings of Safety at School, Socioemotional Functioning, and Classroom Engagement
Côté‐Lussier, C., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“We therefore retain our original model which is more in line with existing theoretical and empirical work linking experiences of the school safety context to poorer well-being and decreased academic adjustment [11,43,44].”
ResultPhysical Activity, Sadness, and Suicidality in Bullied US Adolescents
Sibold, J., Edwards, E. M., Murray-Close, D. K., & Hudziak, J. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.019 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Arató, N., Zsidó, A. N., Rivnyák, A., Péley, B., & Lábadi, B. (2022) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-021-00097-4 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Henry, K. L., Lovegrove, P. J., Steger, M., Chen, P. Y., Cigularov, K. P., & Tomazic, R. G. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9960-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“…disruptive behavior (Paul and Cillessen 2003), substance use (Tharp-Taylor et al. 2009), lower self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-concept (Esbensen and Carson 2009; Marsh et al. 2004), as well as depression, self-injury (Schneider et al. 2012) and psychosomatic complaints (Gini and Pozzoli 2009).”
BackgroundCole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E., Martin, N. C., Roeder, K. M., Sinclair-McBride, K., & Spinelli, T. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0123-7 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Mental Health, Drug, and Violence Interventions for Sexual/Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review
Coulter, R. W. S., Egan, J. E., Kinsky, S. M., Friedman, M. R., Eckstrand, K., Frankeberger, J., Folb, B. L., Mair, C., Marković, N., Silvestre, A. J., et al. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3367 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
School Bullying, Low Self-Control, and Opportunity
Moon, B., & Alarid, L. F. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514536281 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“On one hand, victims of school bullying are more likely to experience physical, psychological, and/or academic problems such as physical pain/illness, depression, suicidal thoughts/attempts, school dropout, and learning difficulties (Farrington, Lösel, Ttofi, & Theodorakis, 2012; Olweus, 1993; Rigby & Slee, 1999; Salm…”
BackgroundOuytsel, J. V., Ponnet, K. S., & Walrave, M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517719538 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schneider, S. K., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S.
- Affiliations
- Education Development Center (US)
- Shari Kessel Schneider, Lydia O'Donnell, Ann Stueve, and Robert W. S. Coulter are with the Health and Human Development Division, Education Development Center, Newton Waltham, MA.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 171-177
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3490574
- OpenAlex
- W2171148355
- Cited by
- 966
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 55.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MetroWest Health Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, school bullying, bullying victimization, psychological distress, depressive symptoms, self-harm, suicidality, suicide attempts, sexual minority youth, academic performance, school attachment, high school students, bullying prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Data Collection, Educational Status, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Schools, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Internet, Bullying
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