Childhood emotional abuse and attachment processes in the dyadic adjustment of dating couples.
Abstract
In an effort to improve understanding of the mechanisms that link early maltreatment to later outcomes, this study investigated the mediation effects of adult attachment processes on the association between childhood emotional abuse and later romantic relationships among heterosexual couples. College students and their dating partners (N = 310; 155 couples) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Experiences in Close Relationship Scale, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006), multilevel modeling results indicated that memories of childhood emotional abuse reported by both students and their partners were significantly associated with attachment strategies, as well as romantic relationship quality. Findings supported hypothesized mediation effects of attachment anxiety and avoidance.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A person's CEA was not significantly related to their partner's attachment avoidance and anxiety (Riggs et al., 2011).
“a person’s CEA was not significantly related to their partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety (Riggs et al., 2011)”
From Partner Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Riggs et al., 2011
Women's CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner's higher attachment avoidance, men's CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner's attachment anxiety and avoidance, and a person's CEA was not significantly related to their partner's attachment avoidance and anxiety.
“However, women’s CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner’s higher attachment avoidance, men’s CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner’s attachment anxiety and avoidance (Godbout et al., 2009), and a person’s CEA was not significantly related to their partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety (Riggs et al., 2011).”
From Partner Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Riggs et al., 2011
Cites
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638 · see citing works
Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.3.511 · Cited by 8,783 · see citing works
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 7,729 · see citing works
Digest of Education Statistics
Dillow, S. A., Snyder, T. D., Snyder, T. D., Snyder, Dillow, S. A., & Thomas (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5366 · Cited by 7,533 · see citing works
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: New Scales for Assessing the Quality of Marriage and Similar Dyads
Spanier, G. B. (1976) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/350547 · Cited by 7,095 · see citing works
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1841 · Cited by 5,386 · see citing works
Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2903 · Cited by 4,301 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 3,968 · see citing works
(2006) · Cited by 3,705 · see citing works
Attachment theory and close relationships
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-6513 · Cited by 3,642 · see citing works
Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577 · see citing works
Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence
Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x · Cited by 2,827 · see citing works
The making & breaking of affectional bonds
Bowlby, J. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,668 · see citing works
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526 · see citing works
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies
Cook, W., & Kenny, D. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250444000405 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018082 · Cited by 1,835 · see citing works
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(03)01002-5 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
Attachment-related psychodynamics
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210154171 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990) · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, P. (1996) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Models of Non-Independence in Dyadic Research
Kenny, D. A. (1996) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407596132007 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610010 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Adult attachment: theory, research, and clinical implications
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-6159 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.899 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults
Whitfield, C. L., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., & Felitti, V. J. (2003) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260502238733 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization, Part 2: Childhood sexual abuse.
Widom, C. S., & Morris, S. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.1.34 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Lower level mediation in multilevel models.
Kenny, D. A., Korchmaros, J. D., & Bolger, N. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.2.115 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. R. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499001923 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
The Development of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence
(1999) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316182185 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Campbell, L., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00023 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment.
Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2008) · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies
Giudice, M. D. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000016 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Predictors of caregiving in adult intimate relationships: An attachment theoretical perspective.
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.972 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Intimacy‐Anger and Insecure Attachment as Precursors of Abuse in Intimate Relationships<sup>1</sup>
Dutton, D. G., Saunders, K., Starzomski, A., & Bartholomew, K. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01554.x · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and neglect and adult intimate relationships: a prospective study
Colman, R. A., & Widom, C. S. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.02.005 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Attachment Style, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Relationship Processes, and Depression
Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Mikulincer, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271709 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Pair bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence.
Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. M. (1999) · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Developmental Psychopathology from Infancy through Adolescence
Wenar, C. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Riggs, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770903475968 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citationCapacity for Intimate Relationships: A Developmental Construction
Collins, W. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316182185.007 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Attachment processes in couple and family therapy
Johnson, S. M., & Whiffen, V. E. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Paivio, S. C., & Cramer, K. M. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.011 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy with Trauma Survivors: Strengthening Attachment Bonds
Johnson, S. M. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Bifulco, A. T., Moran, P. M., Baines, R., Bunn, A., & Stanford, K. (2002) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.66.3.241.23366 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Gender, victimization, and outcomes: Reconceptualizing risk.
Kubiak, S. P., & Cortina, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.528 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Adult Attachment, Self‐Efficacy, Perspective Taking, and Conflict Resolution
Corcoran, K. O., & Mallinckrodt, B. S. (2000) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01931.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Attachment, sexual experience, and sexual pressure in romantic relationships: A dyadic approach
Brassard, A., Shaver, P. R., & Lussier, Y. A. (2007) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00166.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Adult Romantic Attachments: A Developmental Perspective on Individual Differences
Cassidy, J. A. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.111 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Cassidy, J. A., & Mohr, J. J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.3.275 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Gauthier, L., Stollak, G. E., Messé, L. A., & Aronoff, J. (1996) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00043-9 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The Association between Adult Attachment Styles and Conflict Resolution in Romantic Relationships
Shi, L. (2003) · The American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926180301120 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Working Models of Attachment: New Developments and Emerging Themes.
Collins, N. L., Guichard, A. C., Ford, M. B., & Feeney, B. C. (2004) · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Davis, J. L., Petretic-Jackson, P. A., & Ting, L. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007835531614 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Crawford, E., & Wright, M. O. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_06 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Alexander, R., Feeney, J. A., Hohaus, L., & Noller, P. (2001) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00032.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Attachment, caregiving, and marital satisfaction
Feeney, J. A. (1996) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00124.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Creasey, G. L. (2002) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.365 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Impact of Childhood Psychological Abuse on Adult Interpersonal Conflict
Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Coates, A. A. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_05 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Working models of attachment and reactions to different forms of caregiving from romantic partners.
Simpson, J. A., Winterheld, H. A., Rholes, W. S., & Oriña, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.466 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Internal working models, self-reported problems, and help-seeking attitudes among college students.
Lopez, F. G., Melendez, M. C., Sauer, E. M., Berger, E., & Wyssmann, J. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.79 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Attachment Style in Marriage: Adjustment and Responses to Interaction
Gallo, L. C., & Smith, T. W. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501182006 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., & Whitney, S. D. (2004) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.4.424 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Riggs, S. A., Paulson, A., Tunnell, E., Sahl, G., Atkison, H. M., & Ross, C. A. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070149 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationPaivio, S. C. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00256-3 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
DALY, K. D., & Mallinckrodt, B. S. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016695 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Ferguson, K. S., & Dacey, C. (1997) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00055-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
West, T. V., Popp, D., & Kenny, D. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311199 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
An Attachment Theory Perspective on Closeness and Intimacy
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9781410610010-17 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
McCarthy, G., & Taylor, A. W. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00463 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Attachment Issues in Psychopathology and Intervention
(2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410609670 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Slade, A. (2008) · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Attachment: Implications for Counselors
Pistole, M. C. (1989) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb01355.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hardy, G. E. (1999) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/9.1.36 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Using hierarchical linear modeling to analyze grouped data.
Nezlek, J. B., & Zyzniewski, L. E. (1998) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.313 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Long-Term Impact of Emotional Abuse in Childhood
Wright, M. O. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_01 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Developmental psychopathology: From infancy through adolescence, 4th ed.
Wenar, C., & Kerig, P. K. (2000) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Where is the relationship in research on the alliance? Two methods for analyzing dyadic data.
Kivlighan, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.423 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Muller, R. T., & Rosenkranz, S. E. (2009) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/a0015137 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Childhood Psychological Maltreatment and Quality of Marriage
Perry, A., DiLillo, D., & Peugh, J. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_07 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Research in Psychoanalysis : Process, Development, Outcome
Shapiro, T., & Emde, R. N. (2001) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Adult attachment and history of psychotherapy in a normative sample.
Riggs, S. A., Jacobovitz, D., & Hazen, N. L. (2002) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.4.344 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationShowers, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Limke, A. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.5.473 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Varia, R., & Abidin, R. R. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00083-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Long-Term Outcomes of Verbal Aggression
Morimoto, Y., & Sharma, A. (2004) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v04n02_04 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Palacios, J. (2007) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Durrett, C. A., Trull, T. J., & Silk, K. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.178.32778 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Restructuring Schemata From Family of Origin in Couple Therapy
Dattilio, F. M. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpiq-v20i4a003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Elklit, A. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00706.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hearing the difference: Theorizing connection
Gilligan, C. (2003) · RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert) (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 93 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Assessing Mediation in Dyadic Data Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model
Ledermann, T., Macho, S., & Kenny, D. A. (2011) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.607099 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Montesi, J. L., Conner, B. T., Gordon, E. A., Fauber, R. L., Kim, K. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9929-3 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Relationship Duration Moderates Associations Between Attachment and Relationship Quality
Hadden, B. W., Smith, C. V., & Webster, G. D. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868313501885 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Zamir, O. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838021998319 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Reflections on the actor–partner interdependence model
Kenny, D. A. (2018) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12240 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Sutton, T. E. (2019) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2018.1458001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
MacDonald, K. S., Thomas, M. L., MacDonald, T. M., & Sciolla, A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514539761 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Design and Analysis of Data from Dyads and Groups
Kenny, D. A., & Kashy, D. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511996481.027 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M., & Gallus, K. L. S. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104645 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Caregiver maltreatment causes altered neuronal DNA methylation in female rodents
Blaze, J., & Roth, T. L. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000128 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Impact of Child Maltreatment on Attachment and Social Rank Systems
Sloman, L., & Taylor, P. J. (2015) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015584354 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bigras, N., Godbout, N., Hébert, M., Runtz, M., & Daspe, M. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.009 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Impact of Childhood Trauma and Attachment on Resilience in Remitted Patients with Bipolar Disorder.
Citak, C., & Erten, E. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Partner Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Bussières, È.-L., Nolin, M.-C., & Daspe, M.-È. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231173427 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…to their partner’s higher attachment avoidance, men’s CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner’s attachment anxiety and avoidance (Godbout et al., 2009), and a person’s CEA was not significantly related to their partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety (Riggs et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWinham, K. M., Engstrom, M., Golder, S., Renn, T., Higgins, G. E., & Logan, T. (2015) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000038 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neurobiology of secure infant attachment and attachment despite adversity: a mouse model
Roth, T. L., Raineki, C., Salstein, L., Perry, R. E., Sullivan-Wilson, T., Sloan, A., Lalji, B., Hammock, E. A. D., Wilson, D. A., Levitt, P. R., et al. (2013) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12067 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Estévez, A., Ozerinjauregi, N., & Herrero‐Fernández, D. (2016) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1156207 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cao, H., Ma, R., Li, X., Liang, Y., Wu, Q., Chi, P., Li, J.-B., & Zhou, N. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020975895 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
History of Childhood Abuse and Intergenerational Support to Mothers in Adulthood
Kong, J., & Moorman, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12285 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Turkish Adaptation of Adult Parental Acceptance - Rejection Questionnaire Short Form
Dedeler, M. (2017) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2017300302 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Emotional maltreatment in family of origin and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction
Peterson, C. M., Peugh, J., Loucks, L. A., & Shaffer, A. E. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517700300 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of Caring for an Abusive Parent on Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem
Kong, J. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx053 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Espeleta, H. C., Palasciano-Barton, S., & Messman‐Moore, T. L. (2016) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9816-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Efeitos de um Programa de Prevenção à Violência no Namoro
Murta, S. G., Moore, R. A., Miranda, A. A. V., Cangussú, E. D. A., dos Santos, K. B., Bezerra, K. L. T., & Veras, L. G. (2016) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712016210214 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Early life maltreatment but not lifetime depression predicts insecure attachment in women
Zietlow, A., Nonnenmacher, N., Reck, C., Mueller, M., Herpertz, S. C., Neukel, C., Fuchs, A., Bermpohl, F., Fuehrer, D., Kluczniok, D., et al. (2017) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0731-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of Parental Childhood Abuse on Daily Stress Processes in Adulthood
Kong, J., Martire, L. M., Liu, Y., & Almeida, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519869068 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Murta, S. G., Parada, P. D. O., Meneses, S. D. S., Medeiros, J. V. V., Balbino, A. M., Rodrigues, M. C., Miura, M. A., dos Santos, T. A. A., & de Vries, H. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08487-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Withdrawal, attachment security, and recovery from conflict in couple relationships
Prager, K. J., Poucher, J. W., Shirvani, F. K., Parsons, J. A., & Allam, Z. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517737387 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cao, H., Zhou, N., & Leerkes, E. M. (2020) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000662 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Islam, M. J., Broidy, L. M., Eriksson, L., Rahman, M., & Mazumder, N. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105665 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cusinato, M., Calvo, V., Bisogno, G., Viscardi, E., Pillon, M., Opocher, E., Basso, G., & Montanaro, M. (2017) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2017.1335365 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M. (2021) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-021-09383-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Luecken, L., Jewell, S. L., & Mackinnon, D. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000391 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017717742 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Romantic Relationships: The Role of Compassionate Goals
Sun, L., Canevello, A., Lewis, K. A., Li, J., & Crocker, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723126 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dishon-Brown, A., Golder, S., Renn, T., Winham, K. M., Higgins, G. E., & Logan, T. (2017) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00100 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Attachment, Dyadic Adjustment, and Social Interest: An Indirect Effects Model
Rennebohm, S. B., Seebeck, J. D., & Thoburn, J. W. (2017) · The Journal of Individual Psychology · doi:10.1353/jip.2017.0017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Māori women and intimate partner violence: Some sociocultural influences
Hoeata, C., Nīkora, L. W., Li, W. W., Young‐Hauser, A., & Robertson, N. R. (2011) · ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cao, H., Zhou, N., Leerkes, E. M., & Su, J. (2020) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000722 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M. (2022) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807221104121 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Childhood emotional abuse, self/other attachment, and hopelessness in African-American women
Gaskin, A. L., Calamaras, M. R., LoParo, D., Goodnight, B. L., Remmert, B. C., Salami, T. K., Mack, S. A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1249895 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fatehi, M., Choi, Y. J., Cho, H., An, S., Choi, G.-Y., & Hong, S. (2022) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2022.2073796 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Barnett, J. E. F., & Howe, T. R. (2020) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-d-19-00158 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Attachment Style as a Predictor of Burnout and Work Engagement Among Health Professional Caregivers
Koslowsky, M. (2020) · Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research · doi:10.46718/jbgsr.2020.05.000127 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Marital Quality as a Mechanism Linking Childhood Abuse to Mental Health
Fitzgerald, M., & Esplin, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211059831 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Thorpe, S. Y., Hargons, C. N., Dogan, J. N., Thrasher, S. S., & Stevens-Watkins, D. J. (2021) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000342 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Role of Early Adaptive Schemas in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships
Sundgren, M., & Allen, A. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-10018-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring the nature of intimate relationships: A Māori perspective
King, P., Young‐Hauser, A., Li, W. W., Rua, M. R., & Nīkora, L. W. (2012) · ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Influence of Childhood Abuse and Gender on Relationship Adjustment
Miskiewicz, J., Ramisch, J., Shi, L., Surjadi, F. F., & Teeruthroy, V. T. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-016-0080-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Karakurt, G., Whiting, K., & Witting, A. B. (2018) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12352 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Calvillo, C., Sánchez-Fuentes, M. D. M., Carreño, T. P., & Sierra, J. C. (2020) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep55.2.08 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M., & Shuler, J. (2022) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2022.2149650 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marital quality and depression as mediators linking childhood maltreatment to adult physical health
Fitzgerald, M., & Morgan, A. A. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106189 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rich, B. A., Jessani, Z., Cummings, C. M., Starin, N. S., & Alvord, M. K. (2024) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-024-00132-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Parental Abuse Towards Their Children with ADHD in Iran
Ghanizadeh, A. J., Yazdanshenas, P., Nasab, M. M., Firoozabadi, A., & Farrashbandi, H. (2014) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9585-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
VanBergen, A. M., Bartle‐Haring, S., Haselmayer, C., & Bortz, P. (2021) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-021-09565-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smith, R. L., Dick, D. M., Amstadter, A., Thomas, N., Spit for Science Working Group, & Salvatore, J. E. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001243 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intimidade e apego no namoro: implicações de estudos de caso para prevenção à violência
Murta, S. G., Pires, M. R. P., Tavares, A. S., Cordeiro, M. A., Teixeira, E. G., & Adorno, N. (2019) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2019.121.09 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adolescence: Emotional and Social Development
Scott, S. K., & Saginak, K. A. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781394258925.ch12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Martin, L., Renshaw, K. D., Curby, T. W., & Feinberg, M. E. (2025) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70078 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gosselin, C., Daspe, M., Brassard, A., Lussier, Y., & Vaillancourt‐Morel, M. (2024) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kahya, Y., & Uluç, S. (2023) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000076x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Watts, S. J., Evans, S. Z., Simons, L. G., & Simons, R. L. (2020) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/0269758020936073 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cossette-Côté, F., Daigneault, I., Lecomte, T., Francoeur, A., & Brassard, A. (2023) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00562-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Childhood Family Transitions and Adolescent Dating Behaviors: A Longitudinal Study
Hoffman, S., Ward, K. P., Rueda, H. A., & Beasley, L. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02758-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M., & Papp, V. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241235966 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zamir, O., Adar, O., Cohen, D. B., Goldberg, C., Regev, G. M., & Shapira, M. (2025) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70059 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder and intimate relationships
Birt, K. (2015) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
정지은, & Sohn, E. (2016) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.17.5.201610.399 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Role of state and trait attachment dimensions on involvement in a close relationship
Lai, C., Cambise, F., Altavilla, D., Pellicano, G. R., Pierro, L., & Aceto, P. (2020) · IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) · doi:10.13133/1974-4854/16688 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of a History of Childhood Abuse on Life as a College Student
Sedlacek, D. A., Stevenson, S., Kray, C., Henson, T., Burrows, C., & Rosenboom, M. N. (2015) · Journal of Research on Christian Education · doi:10.1080/10656219.2015.1052601 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fatahyah, Y. (2012) · University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Committed romantic relationship profiles of individuals with anxiety disorders
Priest, J. B. (2013) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adversidade na infância e objetivos de vida em adultos
Silva, M. D. F. M., & Mota, C. P. (2018) · Psicologia · doi:10.17575/rpsicol.v32i1.1309 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current progress in caregiving research in attachment theory:
Okubo, K. (2020) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.91.19401 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Polser, G. (2020) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kahya, Y., & Uluç, S. (2023) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438m000076x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Implications and outcomes of ACEs
Rokach, A., & Clayton, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85853-3.00016-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guo, W., Barbanta, A., & Zhang, R. (2025) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2025.2494214 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, M. J., & Cho, Y.-J. (2017) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2017.22.2.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Homan, K. J., & Kong, J. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104505 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intervening Factors in the Impact of Child Maltreatment on Marital Satisfaction in Older Age
Piazza, V. E. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/4863786 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oshio, T., Umeda, M., & Kawakami, N. (2011) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adult attachment and relationship satisfaction among men who experienced childhood abuse
Nelson, S. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Breen, L. J., Sibbel, A. M., Smith, M. C. F., Tutchener, C., Ziaian, T., Groot, S., Brownlow, C., Rua, M. R., Masters‐Awatere, B., Dudgeon, P., et al. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Child Neglect and Emotional Maltreatment
Simmel, C., & Shpiegel, S. (2020) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0284 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The effect of harmful family dynamics on continuous dating violence
Watts, V. B. (2011)
Experiências Adversas Precoces, Vinculação Romântica e Experiências de Violência entre Jovens
Psicologia, F. D. (2014)
Risk and Protective Factors for Sexual Desire Among Women with Children and Their Romantic Partners
Leistner, C. E. (2018) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2018.093
What the “Catalyst of Happiness” Means in the Tangata Whānau Maōri Paradigm
Rudolph, L. T. (2019) · Advances in religious and cultural studies (ARCS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6061-6.ch005
Yan, A., & Seo, Y. S. (2018) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2018.23.2.004
Childhood Maltreatment And Suicide Ideation Among Male And Female College Students
(2019) · i-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology · doi:10.26634/jpsy.13.1.16109
Park, W. (2019) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2019.20.7.255
Slep, A. M. S., Heyman, R. E., Daly, K. A., & Baucom, K. J. W. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.13010
- Authors
- Riggs, S. A., Cusimano, A. M., & Benson, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas (US)
- ORCID
- Riggs, Shelley A.
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 126-138
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2157780541
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- childhood emotional abuse, adult attachment, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, romantic relationship quality, dating couples, mediation, actor-partner interdependence, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child Abuse, Courtship, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Social Support, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review