Atypical EEG power correlates with indiscriminately friendly behavior in internationally adopted children.
Open accessAbstract
While effects of institutional care on behavioral development have been studied extensively, effects on neural systems underlying these socioemotional and attention deficits are only beginning to be examined. The current study assessed electroencephalogram (EEG) power in 18-month-old internationally adopted, postinstitutionalized children (n = 37) and comparison groups of nonadopted children (n = 47) and children internationally adopted from foster care (n = 39). For their age, postinstitutionalized children had an atypical EEG power distribution, with relative power concentrated in lower frequency bands compared with nonadopted children. Both internationally adopted groups had lower absolute alpha power than nonadopted children. EEG power was not related to growth at adoption or to global cognitive ability. Atypical EEG power distribution at 18 months predicted indiscriminate friendliness and poorer inhibitory control at 36 months. Both postinstitutionalized and foster care children were more likely than nonadopted children to exhibit indiscriminate friendliness. Results are consistent with a cortical hypoactivation model of the effects of early deprivation on neural development and provide initial evidence associating this atypical EEG pattern with indiscriminate friendliness. Outcomes observed in the foster care children raise questions about the specificity of institutional rearing as a risk factor and emphasize the need for broader consideration of the effects of early deprivation and disruptions in care.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
EEG abnormalities in children who experienced institutional deprivation include increases in relative power in lower frequency bands and decreased power in high-frequency bands compared with typically developing children.
“EEG abnormalities in children who experienced institutional deprivation include increases in relative power in lower frequency bands and decreased power in high-frequency bands (Marshall et al, 2004(Marshall et al, , 2008;;Tarullo et al, 2011;Vanderwert et al, 2010) compared with typically developing children.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Tarullo et al, 2011
Among post-institutionalized children, EEG power abnormalities at 18 months predicted indiscriminate behavior and poorer inhibitory control at 36 months.
“Tarullo et al (2011) demonstrated that among post-institutionalized children, these EEG power abnormalities at 18 months predicted indiscriminate behavior and poorer inhibitory control at 36 months.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Tarullo et al, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (1997) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 · Cited by 2,329 · see citing works
Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Smyke, A. T., & Guthrie, D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143921 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Barry, R. J., Clarke, A. R., & Johnstone, S. J. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00362-0 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Building a New Biodevelopmental Framework to Guide the Future of Early Childhood Policy
Shonkoff, J. P. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01399.x · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Mullen Scales of Early Learning: Ags Edition
Dumont, R., & Willis, J. O. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1402 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Behavior Problems and Mental Health Referrals of International Adoptees
Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2501 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Development of the EEG from 5 months to 4 years of age
Marshall, P. J., Bar-Haim, Y., & Fox, N. A. (2002) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00163-3 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Inhibitory Control as a Contributor to Conscience in Childhood: From Toddler to Early School Age
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Coy, K. C. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01939.x · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhász, C., Nagy, F. T., & Chugani, D. C. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0917 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Chisholm, K. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06162.x · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Developmental Equations for the Electroencephalogram
John, E. R., Ahn, H. J., Prichep, L. S., Trepetin, M., Brown, D. I., & Kaye, H. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7434026 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Mann, C. A., Lubar, J. F., Zimmerman, A. W., Miller, C. A., & Muenchen, R. A. (1992) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/0887-8994(92)90049-5 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01675.x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder
Chabot, R. J., & Serfontein, G. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00576-5 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Eluvathingal, T. J., Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Juhász, C., Muzik, O., Maqbool, M., Chugani, D. C., & Makki, M. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1727 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
ZEANAH, C. H., NELSON, C. A., FOX, N. A., SMYKE, A. T., MARSHALL, P., PARKER, S. W., & KOGA, S. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000452 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Rutter, M. L., English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team, & O'Connor, T. G. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.81 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Age and sex effects in the EEG: development of the normal child
Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., & Selikowitz, M. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00488-6 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children
Zeanah, C. H., Egger, H. L., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., & Guthrie, D. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Rutter, M., Colvert, E., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., O'Connor, T. G., Stevens, S. E., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01688.x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Behavior problems in postinstitutionalized internationally adopted children
GUNNAR, M. R., VAN DULMEN, M. H. M., & THE INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION PROJECT TEAM (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070071 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial and Family Relationships of Ex‐Institutional Adolescents
Hodges, J., & Tizard, B. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00770.x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome?
Kreppner, J. M., O'Connor, T. G., Rutter, M., & English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1012229209190 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1975.tb01872.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Attention Deficits in Children Exposed to Alcohol Prenatally
Nanson, J. L., & Hiscock, M. (1990) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01223.x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Electroencephalogram between Institutionalized and Community Children in Romania
Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Group, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042304723 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
International adoption of institutionally reared children: research and policy
GUNNAR, M. R., BRUCE, J., & GROTEVANT, H. D. (2000) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004077 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly experiences and attachment relationships of Greek infants raised in residential group care
Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, H., Kontopoulou, A., & Sarafidou, Y. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00202 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Problems Reported by Parents of Romanian Orphans Adopted to British Columbia
Fisher, L., Ames, E. W., Chisholm, K., & Savoie, L. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502597385441 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Attachment Disturbances in Young Children. II: Indiscriminate Behavior and Institutional Care
ZEANAH, C. H., SMYKE, A. T., & DUMITRESCU, A. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00017 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF BEHAVIOR PROBLEM CHILDREN
Jasper, H. H., Solomon, P., & Bradley, C. (1938) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.95.3.641 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children
Bruce, J., Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000108 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationInstitutional care: risk from family background or pattern of rearing
Roy, P., Rutter, M., & Pickles, A. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s002196309900517x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of the Hyperactive Child Syndrome
Satterfield, J. H. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760180079010 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Marshall, P. J., Reeb, B. C., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000412 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Parker, S. W., Nelson, C. A., & The Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00829.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Automatic evaluation of EEG background activity by means of age-dependent EEG quotients
Matouŝek, M., & Petersén, I. (1973) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(73)90213-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The development of adopted children after institutional care: A follow-up study
Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Sarafidou, J., Kopakaki, M., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Kontopoulou, A. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01666.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Growth spurts in brain maturation during middle childhood as indexed by EEG power spectra
Somsen, R. J. M., van't Klooster, B. J., van der Molen, M. W., van Leeuwen, H. M. P., & Licht, R. (1997) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(96)05218-0 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Damaging Backgrounds: Later Adjustment of International Adoptees
Verhulst, F. C., Althaus, M., & BIEMAN, H. J. M. V.-D. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199205000-00020 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The Development of Children Adopted from Romanian Orphanages.
Morison, S. J. (1995) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Roy, P., Rutter, M. L., & Pickles, A. R. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00278.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Effect of sex, psychosocial disadvantages and biological risk factors on EEG maturation
Harmony, T., Marosi, E., de León, A. E. D., Becker, J., & Fernández, T. (1990) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(90)90135-7 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Correlates of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Schizophrenia.
Nestor, P. G., Kubicki, M. R., Gurrera, R. J., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Frumin, M., McCarley, R. W., & Shenton, M. E. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.4.629 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A follow-up study of adopted children from Romania
Groze, V. K., & Ileana, D. (1996) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01874306 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Nakamura, M., McCarley, R. W., Kubicki, M. R., Dickey, C. C., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Voglmaier, M. M., Seidman, L. J., Maier, S. E., Westin, C., Kikinis, R., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.016 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Nelson, C. A. (2000) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605344-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Early adverse experiences and the neurobiology of facial emotion processing.
Moulson, M. C., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014035 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Moulson, M. C., Westerlund, A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01315.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Improvements in early care in Russian orphanages and their relationship to observed behaviors
Groark, C. J., Muhamedrahimov, R. J., Игоревич, П. О., Nikiforova, N. V., & McCall, R. B. (2005) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20041 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
EEG development in children with sociocultural disadvantages: a follow-up study
Otero, G. A., Pliego-Rivero, F. B., Fernández, T., & Ricardo, J. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00173-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Stevens, S. E., Kumsta, R., Kreppner, J. M., Brookes, K. J., Rutter, M., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31010 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cognitive Assessment for the Youngest Children: A Critical Review of Tests
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (2001) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428290101900102 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Effects of Early Adversity on Neurobehavioral Development
Nelson, C. A. (2000) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605344 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
EEG maturation on children with different economic and psychosocial characteristics
Harmony, T., Alvarez, A., Pascual, R., Ramos, A., Marosi, E., Díaz De León, A. E., Valdés, P., & Becker, J. (1988) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207458808985747 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Chernick, V., Childiaeva, R., & Ioffe, S. (1983) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(83)90924-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Poverty, cultural disadvantage and brain development: a study of pre-school children in Mexico
Otero, G. A. (1997) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(97)95213-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Textbook of pediatric neuropsychiatry
Coffey, C. E., & Brumback, R. A. (1998) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 63 · see citing works
ZEANAH, C. H., KOGA, S. F., SIMION, B., STANESCU, A., TABACARU, C. L., FOX, N. A., NELSON, C. A., & BEIP CORE GROUP (2006) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20107 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Biological perspectives on the effects of early psychosocial experience
Marshall, P. J., & Kenney, J. W. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Impact of Early Institutionalization on Child and Family Outcomes
Judge, S. L. (2004) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j145v07n03_02 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
EEG spectral analysis in children with sociocultural handicaps
Otero, G. A. (1994) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459408986082 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Electrophysiological and behavioral findings in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol
Kaneko, W. M., Riley, E. P., & Ehlers, C. L. (1993) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/0741-8329(93)90099-a · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Activity Level, Organization, and Social-Emotional Behaviors in Post-Institutionalized Children
Kadlec, M. B., & Cermak, S. A. (2002) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j145v06n02_04 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on hippocampal theta activity in the rat
Cortese, B. M., Krahl, S. E., Berman, R. F., et al. (1997) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(96)00147-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder in adopted Romanian children living in the Netherlands
Hoksbergen, R. A. C., ter Laak, J., van Dijkum, C., Rijk, K., & Stoutjesdijk, F. (2003) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j145v06n04_04 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Crying patterns of Korean infants in institutions
Lee, K. (2000) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00134.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lin, S. H. (2003) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diamond, A., & Taylor, C. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199605)29:4
Attachment disturbances and disorders in children exposed to early severe deprivation
O'Connor, T. G., Bredenkamp, D., Rutter, M., & The English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team (1999) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199921)20:1
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zeanah, C. H., & Gleason, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12347 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Hostinar, C. E., Stellern, S. A., Schaefer, C., Carlson, S. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121246109 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationDeviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.165 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
V. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL TOLL OF EARLY HUMAN DEPRIVATION
Nelson, C. A., Bos, K., Gunnar, M. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00630.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly adversity and neural correlates of executive function: Implications for academic adjustment
McDermott, J. M., Westerlund, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Early and later life stress alter brain activity and sleep in rats
Mrdalj, J., Pallesen, S., Milde, A. M., Jellestad, F. K., Murison, R., Ursin, R., Bjorvatn, B., & Grønli, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069923 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Alterations in Neural Processing and Psychopathology in Children Raised in Institutions
Slopen, N., McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.444 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Disorders of attachment and social engagement related to deprivation
Zeanah, C. H., & Smyke, A. T. (2015) · Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch58 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Buzzell, G. A., Troller-Renfree, S. V., Wade, M., Debnath, R., Morales, S., Bowers, M. E., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100777 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tarullo, A. R., Garvin, M. C., & Gunnar, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 417-431
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC3484164
- OpenAlex
- W2032279777
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH018264, MH62601, MH066208)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- internationally adopted children, EEG spectral power, alpha power, inhibitory control, early deprivation, institutional upbringing, foster care, social-emotional development, neural development, attention deficits
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Analysis of Variance, Cognition, Deinstitutionalization, Electroencephalography, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Infant, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Friends, Internationality, Brain Waves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
