Associations between early life adversity and executive function in children adopted internationally from orphanages
Open accessAbstract
Executive function (EF) abilities are increasingly recognized as an important protective factor for children experiencing adversity, promoting better stress and emotion regulation as well as social and academic adjustment. We provide evidence that early life adversity is associated with significant reductions in EF performance on a developmentally sensitive battery of laboratory EF tasks that measured cognitive flexibility, working memory, and inhibitory control. Animal models also suggest that early adversity has a negative impact on the development of prefrontal cortex-based cognitive functions. In this study, we report EF performance 1 y after adoption in 2.5- to 4-y-old children who had experienced institutional care in orphanages overseas compared with a group of age-matched nonadopted children. To our knowledge, this is the youngest age and the soonest after adoption that reduced EF performance has been shown using laboratory measures in this population. EF reductions in performance were significant above and beyond differences in intelligence quotient. Within the adopted sample, current EF was associated with measures of early deprivation after controlling for intelligence quotient, with less time spent in the birth family before placement in an institution and lower quality of physical/social care in institutions predicting poorer performance on the EF battery.
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Deprivation exposure has been repeatedly associated with poorer EF during childhood and adolescence.
“Exposure to deprivation is consistently linked to reduced EF in childhood and adolescence (Bick et al., 2018; Hostinar et al., 2012; Merz et al., 2013; Wade, Fox, et al., 2019), as well as alterations in brain function and structure in the frontoparietal network that subserves EF (Berens et al., 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2019).”
From Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence (2023) · cites this paper as Hostinar et al., 2012
In humans, neglect predicts impaired performance on tasks requiring cognitive control.
“In humans, neglect predicts impaired performance on tasks requiring cognitive control (Bauer et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2009; Hostinar et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2010; Sheridan et al., 2017)”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Hostinar et al., 2012
In humans, prior work demonstrates that neglect leads to deficits in behavioral outputs of cognitive control.
“behavioral outputs of cognitive control (Bauer et al., 2009; Bruce et al., 2009; Hostinar et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2010; Sheridan et al., 2017).”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Hostinar et al., 2012
Executive function performance is worse in children with more severe and longer lasting deprivation.
“EF performance is worse in children with more severe and longer lasting deprivation.(98, 109, 124, 125)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [124]
Children raised in institutions exhibit poor performance on tests of working memory, inhibition, planning, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility.
“Children raised in institutions exhibit poor performance on tests of working memory, inhibition, planning, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility(98, 109, 121–127)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [124]
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- Authors
- Hostinar, C. E., Stellern, S. A., Schaefer, C., Carlson, S. M., & Gunnar, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-10-09
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- supplement_2
- Pages
- 17208-17212
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3477377
- OpenAlex
- W2154643691
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 33.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 078105, P50MH078105, MH080905, R01MH080905)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD051495)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, executive function, international adoption, orphanage care, institutional care, cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibitory control, early deprivation, prefrontal cortex development
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Life Expectancy, Male, Orphanages, Internationality, Executive Function
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