Ethnicity and gender in late childhood and early adolescence: Group identity and awareness of bias.
Abstract
The current study examined awareness of gender and ethnic bias and gender and ethnic identity in 350 African American, White/European American, and Latino/Hispanic students (Mage = 11.21 years, SD = 1.59) from the 4th, 6th, and 8th grades of diverse middle and elementary schools. The study collected (a) qualitative data to best capture the types of bias that were most salient to children and (b) daily diaries and individual measures to examine the multiple components of children's gender and ethnic identities. Results revealed ethnic, gender, and grade-level differences in awareness of ethnic and gender bias. Overall, more children were aware of gender bias than ethnic bias. This effect was most pronounced among White/European American youths. Among those in 4th grade, African American and Latino youths were more likely to be aware of ethnic bias than were White/European American youths. Analyses also examined how awareness of bias was related to gender and ethnic identity. For example, children who had a salient and important gender identity, and a devalued ethnic identity, were less likely than other children to be aware of ethnic bias.
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Same-age peers of color are experiencing racism firsthand.
“Yet, their same‐age peers of color are experiencing such racism firsthand (Brown et al., 2011)”
From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Brown, C. S., Alabi, B. O., Huynh, V. W., & Masten, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 463-471
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2020838503
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 22.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Cultural Identity and Representation
- Keywords
- ethnic identity, gender identity, ethnic prejudice, gender bias, group identity, late childhood, early adolescence, African American children, Latino children, identity salience, daily diary
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Awareness, Black or African American, Child, Child Development, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Social Identification, Bias, White People
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