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Cited by 1,748Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyRace, History, and American Society

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A Reconceptualization of African American Racial Identity

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Sellers, Robert M., Smith, Mia A., Shelton, J. Nicole, Rowley, Stephanie A.J., Chavous, Tabbye M.·1998·Personality and Social Psychology Review
DOI 10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
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Abstract

Research on African American racial identity has utilized 2 distinct approaches. The mainstream approach has focused on universal properties associated with ethnic and racial identities. In contrast, the underground approach has focused on documenting the qualitative meaning of being African American, with an emphasis on the unique cultural and historical experiences of African Americans. The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) represents a synthesis of the strengths of these two approaches. The underlying assumptions associated with the model are explored. The model proposes 4 dimensions of African American racial identity: salience, centrality, regard, and ideology. A description of these dimensions is provided along with a discussion of how they interact to influence behavior at the level of the event. We argue that the MMRI has the potential to make contributions to traditional research objectives of both approaches, as well as to provide the impetus to explore new questions.

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5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Psychologists Cross, Helms, and Sellers et al. put forth models of Black racial identity that assessed individual engagement with power, privilege, and oppression.

    “Psychologists situated primarily in the clinical, counseling, and social subfields, namely, Cross (1971), Helms (1990), and Sellers et al. (1998), put forth models of Black racial identity that assessed individual engagement with power, privilege, and oppression.”

    From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Sellers et al., 1998

  • These models focus squarely on the sociocultural context and on elements such as racial pride and centrality, or what is now labeled identity content.

    “Instead, they focus squarely on the sociocultural context (Cross, 1971) and on elements such as racial pride and centrality (Sellers et al., 1998), or what is now labeled identity content (Hudley & Irving, 2012).”

    From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Sellers et al., 1998

  • Scales designed to measure the process and content of ERI development among racially minoritized individuals focus on constructs such as group belonging, importance, and understanding.

    “Scales designed to measure the process and content of ERI development among racially minoritized individuals focus on constructs such as group belonging, importance, and understanding (Phinney, 1992; Sellers et al., 1998; Umaña‐Taylor et al., 2004).”

    From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Sellers et al., 1998

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Authors
Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina
ORCID
Venue
Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
1998-02
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
18-39
ISSN
  • 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7957
DOI
10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
OpenAlex
W2156182217
Cited by
1,748
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 89
FWCI
24.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
Keywords
racial identity, ethnic identity, salience, centrality, regard, ideology, identity dimensions

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