Don't hide your happiness! Positive emotion dissociation, social connectedness, and psychological functioning.
Open accessAbstract
It is now clear that positive emotion leads to enhanced psychological functioning. What is less clear, however, is just why this is so. Drawing on a social-functional perspective, we argue that positive emotional behavior that accurately signals to others the individual's internal state will enhance social connectedness. Positive emotional behavior that does not accurately signal a person's experience--such as a smile that is not felt--may impede social connectedness and, in turn, psychological functioning. This perspective suggests that (a) the degree to which experience and behavior are dissociated during positive emotional episodes, over and above level of positive behavior, should predict worse psychological functioning and (b) the effect of dissociation should be mediated by social connectedness. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a short-term prospective longitudinal study, with a baseline assessment of depressive symptoms and well-being at Time 1. Six months later, at Time 2, we used a novel within-individual laboratory paradigm to measure the degree to which positive emotional behavior was dissociated from (vs. coherent with) a participant's positive emotional experience. We also assessed level of positive behavior and experience. Then, another 6 months later, we assessed social connectedness as a mediator and depressive symptoms and well-being as outcomes at Time 3. Even when controlling for baseline functioning and for level of positive emotion behavior and experience, we found that greater positive experience-behavior dissociation at Time 2 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of well-being at Time 3. As predicted, these associations were mediated by social connectedness.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Positive experience-behavior dissociation during a positive emotion induction predicted worse psychological functioning 6 months later, and this link was mediated by social connectedness. The findings suggest that positive emotional behavior may be beneficial mainly when it accurately reflects felt positive emotion.
Key findings
- Greater positive experience-behavior dissociation at Time 2 predicted higher depressive symptoms at Time 3 (r = .25, p < .01) and lower well-being at Time 3 (r = –.22, p < .01).
- These associations held when controlling for overall levels of positive emotion experience and behavior and for baseline psychological functioning, indicating dissociation predicted change in functioning.
- Social connectedness mediated the effects: direct associations became nonsignificant (ps > .13), and Sobel tests were significant (zs > 2.2, ps < .03). With all covariates simultaneously, the depression Sobel test became a trend (z = 1.7, p = .09) and the well-being Sobel test held (z = 2.0, p = .05).
- On average, experience and behavior were more coherent than dissociated (dissociation M = –.68, SD = .34, range = –.92 to .36); the film clips induced moderate-to-high amusement (experience M = 6.1, SD = 1.5; behavior M = 5.1, SD = 1.1).
Methods
- Prospective longitudinal study with three sessions: Time 1 baseline depressive symptoms and well-being; Time 2 about 6 months later, laboratory positive emotion induction and measurement of experience-behavior dissociation; Time 3 another 6 months later, social connectedness and outcomes.
- Participants were 135 undergraduate students; technical difficulties and missing self-report/video data left 125 analyzed (47% female; mean age 21.1 years, SD = 0.6).
- At Time 2, participants viewed a 5-min neutral film then an approximately 2-min amusing film (three clips, randomly assigned ns = 41, 39, 42). Experience was measured continuously with a rating dial; behavior was coded second-by-second by trained coders. Dissociation was computed from within-individual cross-correlations between experience and behavior across lags from –10 to 10 s, Fisher r-to-z transformed and reverse-scored. Outcomes used short CES-D, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and a social connectedness composite (ISEL appraisal/belongingness support plus UCLA Loneliness, alpha = .91); mediation used Baron and Kenny regressions and Sobel tests.
Limitations
- The paper states four main limitations: specificity and boundary conditions need testing (e.g., socioeconomic and age groups, other positive emotions, physiological components, other mediators, clinical outcomes); causal interpretation is cautious because the design was prospective but not experimental; the mediation model lacked a fourth measurement point for cross-lagged analyses; and some effect sizes were relatively modest (betas ranged from .22 to .67).
- Evident from the text: the sample was undergraduate and young, limiting generalizability; dissociation was measured in a nonsocial laboratory context even though the mediator was social connectedness; outcomes were self-report; and the study did not experimentally manipulate experience-behavior dissociation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 61 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The associations between dissociation and depressive symptoms/well-being were no longer significant when social connectedness was entered, consistent with full mediation.
“the associations between positive experience-behavior dissociation on the one hand and depressive symptoms and well-being on the other hand were no longer significant ( ps > .13), consistent with the requirement for full mediation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mediation results held when controlling for overall levels of positive emotional behavior and experience (Sobel's zs > 2.1, ps < .04).
“these mediation results held even when controlling for overall levels of positive emotional behavior and experience (Sobel's zs > 2.1, ps < .04)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The main results held for each of the three social connectedness scales individually.
“and that our main results held for each of the three scales individually”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Dissociation at Time 2 predicted greater increases in depressive symptoms at Time 3, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms.
“participants who exhibited relatively dissociated positive experience and behavior tended to exhibit greater increases in depressive symptoms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mediation results held when controlling for baseline depressive symptoms (Sobel's z = 3.6, p < .001).
“and for baseline levels of depressive symptoms (Sobel's z = 3.6, p < .001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The relation between dissociation and social connectedness held when controlling for positive experience/behavior and baseline functioning.
“This relation held even when controlling for overall levels of positive experience and behavior at Time 2, as well as for baseline depressive symptoms and well-being at Time 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Greater dissociation was associated with lower social connectedness.
“positive experience-behavior dissociation predicted social connectedness such that greater dissociation was associated with lower social connectedness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The film clips induced moderate to high levels of amusement (experience M = 6.1, SD = 1.5; behavior M = 5.1, SD = 1.1).
“On average, the film clips induced moderate to high levels of amusement, as evidenced by relatively high average amusement experience and behavior on a 0-8 scale: amusement experience, M = 6.1, SD = 1.5, range = 1-8; amusement behavior, M = 5.1, SD = 1.1, range = 1.9-7.0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social connectedness was positively associated with well-being.
“positively associated with well-being (Figure 3, Panel B)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When controlling for all three variables simultaneously, the Sobel test for well-being held (Sobel's z = 2.0, p = .05).
“and the Sobel test for well-being held (Sobel's z = 2.0, p = .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The links between dissociation and both functioning measures held when controlling for levels of positive emotion behavior and experience.
“Indeed, the links between dissociation and both functioning measures held even when we controlled for levels of positive emotion behavior and experience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The three social connectedness scales showed considerable conceptual and empirical overlap.
“Preliminary results showed that these three scales show considerable conceptual and empirical overlap”
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All other conditions for mediation were met when controlling for all three variables simultaneously.
“In each case, all other conditions for mediation were met when controlling for all three variables simultaneously.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were substantial individual differences in dissociation (SD = .34, range -.92 to .36).
“Most important, however, we found evidence for substantial individual differences in dissociation, with a standard deviation of .34 and a dissociation score range from a low of –.92 to a high of .36.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Sobel tests indicated that the effects of experience-behavior dissociation were significantly reduced when social connectedness was entered (Sobel's zs > 2.2, ps < .03).
“Sobel tests indicated that the effects of experience-behavior dissociation were significantly reduced when social connectedness was entered into the regressions (Sobel's zs > 2.2, ps < .03).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Within participants, the film clips induced a range of positive emotion experience and behavior.
“As indicated by Figure 2, within participants, the clips induced a range of positive emotion experience and behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Greater experience-behavior dissociation predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 (r = .25, p < .01).
“greater experience-behavior dissociation predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 (r = .25, p < .01)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“greater positive experience-behavior dissociation at Time 2 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of well-being at Time 3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
When controlling for all three variables simultaneously, the Sobel test for depression became a statistical trend (Sobel's z = 1.7, p = .09).
“the Sobel test for depression became a statistical trend (Sobel's z = 1.7, p = .09)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mediation results held when controlling for baseline well-being (Sobel's z = 2.0, p = .05).
“and well-being (Sobel's z = 2.0, p = .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social connectedness was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.
“social connectedness was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (Figure 3, Panel A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Individuals with relatively dissociated positive experience and behavior tended to fare worse psychologically than those whose experience and behavior were more coherent.
“Individuals who exhibited relatively dissociated positive experience and behavior tended to fare worse psychologically than those whose experience and behavior were more coherent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Controlling for preexisting psychological functioning did not eliminate the prospective relationship between experience-behavior dissociation and psychological functioning.
“First, we controlled for preexisting psychological functioning and found this did not eliminate the prospective relationship between dissociation and psychological functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some effect sizes in the present research were relatively modest, with beta coefficients ranging from .22 to .67.
“Fourth, some of the effect sizes in the present research were relatively modest; in absolute terms, beta coefficients ranged from .22 to .67.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Coherence between positive emotional experience and behavior was not perfect.
“At the same time, coherence between experience and behavior was not perfect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The present model showed generality across sex and ethnic groups.
“Our model was theoretically motivated and showed generality across sex and ethnic groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There were substantial individual differences in the degree of positive experience-behavior dissociation versus coherence, with an observed range from -.92 to .36.
“Indeed, we found substantial individual differences in the degree of dissociation versus coherence, with an observed range from –.92 to .36.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of positive experience-behavior dissociation on psychological functioning held over and above the effects of overall levels of positive experience and positive behavior.
“This effect of experience-behavior dissociation held over and above the effects of overall levels of positive experience and of positive behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The more positive behaviors were dissociated from experiences, the lower social connectedness people exhibited.
“The more positive behaviors were dissociated from experiences, the lower social connectedness people exhibited, which over time under mined their psychological functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Positive emotional behavior that does not accurately signal a person's experience may impede social connectedness and, in turn, psychological functioning.
“Positive emotional behavior that does not accurately signal a person's experience—such as a smile that is not felt—may impede social connectedness and, in turn, psychological functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Positive emotions will have adaptive social outcomes to the extent that they are communicated accurately to others.
“The key proposition here is that positive emotions will have these adaptive social outcomes to the extent that they are communicated accurately to others (Buck, 1994; Keltner & Kring, 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Buck, 1994
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- cites Keltner & Kring, 1998
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- Premisereasoning
Positive emotional behavior that accurately signals the individual's internal state enhances social connectedness.
“Drawing on a social-functional perspective, we argue that positive emotional behavior that accurately signals to others the individual's internal state will enhance social connectedness.”
- Also stated in: § How Do Positive Emotions Enhance Psychological Functioning? · plain
“We argue that accuracy is achieved—and communication is thus most effective—when positive behavior matches a person's feelings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Frijda & Mesquita, 1994
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- cites Keltner & Haidt, 1999
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- Also stated in: § How Do Positive Emotions Enhance Psychological Functioning? · plain
- Premisereasoning
When positive emotions are not communicated accurately, they lose some of their positive functions.
“When positive emotions are not communicated accurately, they should lose some of their positive functions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Experience-behavior dissociation impedes social connectedness because it confuses others about the individual's actual internal states or makes the individual appear inauthentic and thus not trustworthy.
“We suggest that such experience-behavior dissociation impedes social connectedness because it confuses others about the actual internal states of the individual or makes the individual appear inauthentic and thus not trustworthy (e.g., Berry & Pennebaker, 1993; Bonanno et al., 2007; Boone & Buck, 2003; English & John, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Berry & Pennebaker, 1993
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- cites Bonanno et al., 2007
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- cites Boone & Buck, 2003
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- Premisecitation
Lower social connectedness is associated with impaired psychological functioning.
“A considerable body of research is consistent with one part of our mediation hypothesis: Lower social connectedness seems to be associated with impaired psychological functioning (Berscheid & Reis, 1998; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006; Lee & Robbins, 1998; Steverink & Lindenberg, 2006; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996).”
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- cites Cacioppo et al., 2006
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- cites Lee & Robbins, 1998
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- Premisecitation
Positive emotions causally contribute to enhanced psychological functioning.
“It is now clear that positive emotion leads to enhanced psychological functioning.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Rather, they appear to causally contribute to good outcomes, including enhanced psychological functioning (Fredrickson, 1998; Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fredrickson, 1998
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- cites Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
- Premisereasoning
Between-individual approaches lose crucial information about patterning of emotional responses across time.
“In this approach, crucial information about patterning of emotional responses across time is lost.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Positive emotions are associated with enhanced psychological functioning, including higher levels of well-being and lower levels of mental health problems.
“Positive emotions are associated with enhanced psychological functioning, including higher levels of well-being and lower levels of mental health problems (Bonanno & Keltner, 1997; Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000; Fredrickson, 1998, 2001; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bonanno & Keltner, 1997
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- cites Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000
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- cites Fredrickson, 1998
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- Interpretationown data
The prospective longitudinal effects of positive experience-behavior dissociation on depressive symptoms and well-being were mediated by social connectedness.
“Together, these analyses provide consistent evidence that the prospective longitudinal effects of positive experience- behavior dissociation on depressive symptoms and well-being were mediated by social connectedness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A within-individual approach is necessary for indexing the construct of dissociation.
“Such an intraindividual approach is considered necessary for indexing the construct of dissociation, which involves the degree to which experience and behavior are disconnected within the individual during emotional episodes (e.g., Buck, 1980; Cacioppo et al., 1992; Lacey, 1967; Stemmler, 1992).”
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- cites Cacioppo et al., 1992
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- cites Lacey, 1967
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- Premisecitation
In the past, dissociation of emotion response systems has been assessed primarily with relatively crude methods that often relied on between-individual approaches.
“In the past, dissociation of emotion response systems has been assessed primarily with relatively crude methods that often relied on between-individual approaches (e.g., Gross, John, & Richards, 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gross, John, & Richards, 2000
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- Interpretationown data
Rather than overall level of positive emotional behavior, it is the extent to which this behavior accurately reflects positive emotion experience that leads to positive outcomes.
“Thus, rather than overall level of positive emotional behavior, it is the extent to which this behavior accurately reflects positive emotion experience that leads to positive outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The functional implications of positive experience-behavior dissociation are not limited to individuals who exhibit either extreme dissociation or extreme coherence.
“This suggests that functional implications of dissociation are not limited to individuals who exhibit either extreme dissociation or extreme coherence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Expressive suppression has been linked to worse social functioning in the short term and in the longer term.
“Indeed, expressive suppression has been linked to worse social functioning in the short term (Butler et al., 2003) and in the longer term (English & John, 2011; Gross & John, 2003; Srivastava, Tamir, McGonigal, John, & Gross, 2009).”
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- cites English & John, 2011
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- cites Gross & John, 2003
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- Premisecitation
Other regulation processes, such as cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, appear to affect different components of the emotional response in the same way.
“In contrast, other regulation processes, such as cognitive reappraisal (Gross & John, 2003) and acceptance (Shallcross, Troy, Boland, & Mauss, 2010), appear to affect different components of the emotional response in the same way.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gross & John, 2003
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- cites Shallcross, Troy, Boland, & Mauss, 2010
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- Interpretationown data
The degree to which positive experience and behavior are dissociated versus coherent during positive emotional episodes contributes to the functions of positive emotions.
“It is the degree to which positive experience and behavior are dissociated versus coherent during positive emotional episodes that contributes to the functions of positive emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Individual differences in coherence are relatively stable across 6 months.
“Last, the fact that we found longitudinal effects of dissociation (vs. coherence) suggests that individual differences in coherence are relatively stable across 6 months.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Previous research shows that social connectedness causally contributes to psychological functioning.
“Second, although psychological functioning can affect social connectedness, we know from previous research that social connectedness causally contributes to psychological functioning (Cacioppo et al., 2006; Holahan & Moos, 1991; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2000).”
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- cites Holahan & Moos, 1991
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- cites Pinquart & Sörensen, 2000
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- Interpretationown data
The study allowed valid estimation of the degree to which experience and behavior were dissociated (vs. coherent) during a standardized positive emotion induction.
“One important contribution of the present study is that it allowed us to validly estimate the degree to which experience and behavior were dissociated (vs. coherent) during a standardized positive emotion induction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The present results add empirical evidence in support of the basic assumption that emotions involve coordinated responses across multiple response domains.
“By demonstrating considerable average levels of coherence between experience and behavior, the present results add an important piece of empirical evidence in support of a basic assumption in affective science.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Experience-behavior dissociation may be one important mechanism by which expressive suppression, experiential avoidance, and alexithymia impair individuals' functioning.
“As such, experience- behavior dissociation may be one important mechanism by which these regulation processes impair individuals’ functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Experience-behavior dissociation may negatively affect quality and coordination of communication, because successful communication relies in part on the accurate behavioral expression of felt emotions.
“Second, experience-behavior dissociation may negatively affect quality and coordination of communication, because successful communication relies in part on the accurate behavioral expression of felt emotions (Buck, 1994; Reed & McIntosh, 2008; Wubben, De Cremer, & Van Dijk, 2009).”
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- cites Reed & McIntosh, 2008
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- cites Wubben, De Cremer, & Van Dijk, 2009
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- Premisecitation
Even the smallest effect size in the present research is comparable to similar effects of individual differences in emotional processes, such as r = .25 for cognitive reappraisal and depressive symptoms.
“However, even our smallest effect size is comparable to similar effects of individual differences in emotional processes (e.g., r = .25 for cognitive reappraisal and depressive symptoms; Gross & John, 2003).”
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- Interpretationown data
Response-system coherence is a relatively general property of emotions.
“This is consistent with the notion that response-system coherence is a relatively general property of emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Some emotion-regulation processes-expressive suppression, experiential avoidance, and alexithymia-increase the possibility of experience-behavior dissociation because they involve regulation of only one response system.
“Some regulation processes, such as expressive suppression (Gross & John, 2003), experiential avoidance (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006), and alexithymia (Sifneos, 1973; Taylor, 1984), increase the possibility of experience-behavior dissociation because they involve the regulation of only one response system”
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- cites Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006
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- cites Sifneos, 1973
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- Interpretationreasoning
Response-system dissociation versus coherence may be an important mechanism for the divergent health effects of different types of emotion regulation.
“Together, these considerations suggest that response-system dissociation versus coherence may be an important mechanism for the divergent health effects of different types of emotion regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
A tendency to dissociate felt experience from displayed behavior may lead others to conclude that the individual withholds important aspects of the self and thus perceive the individual as inauthentic.
“A tendency to dissociate felt experience from displayed behavior may lead others to conclude that the individual withholds important aspects of the self and thus perceive the individual as inauthentic (e.g., Boone & Buck, 2003; English & John, 2011).”
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- cites English & John, 2011
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- Interpretationown data
The present findings suggest that social connectedness provides an important social pathway linking positive emotions to desirable psychological outcomes.
“In addition, the present findings suggest that a relational factor, namely, social connectedness, provides an important social pathway in linking positive emotions to desirable psychological outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Experience-behavior coherence may be one important mechanism by which cognitive reappraisal and acceptance enhance individuals' functioning.
“As such, experience-behavior coherence may be one important mechanism by which these regulation processes enhance individuals’ functioning.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Others' perception of one's trustworthiness and predictability and effective emotional communication have important effects on longer term relationship outcomes, including social connectedness.
“Both of these factors— others’ perception of one's trustworthiness and predictability as well as effective emotional communication—have important effects on longer term relationship outcomes, including social connectedness (e.g., Anderson et al., 2003; Boone & Buck, 2003; Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993; Swann, De La Ronde, & Hixon, 1994).”
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- cites Boone & Buck, 2003
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- cites Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993
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- Interpretationown data
The findings are inconsistent with the behavioral ecology view that emotional behavior affects individuals' functioning regardless of internal experience.
“These findings are inconsistent with the behavioral ecology view (e.g., Fridlund, 1991), which predicts that emotional behavior affects individuals’ functioning regardless of internal experience.”
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- Premisereasoning
Accurate communication is ensured when positive emotional behaviors are tightly coupled with positive experiences.
“In turn, accurate communication is ensured when positive emotional behaviors are tightly coupled with positive experiences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Three features of the present design suggest that the reported effect sizes are conservative, lower-bound estimates.
“Moreover, three features of our design suggest that the effect sizes reported here are conservative, lower bound estimates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Positive emotions should be adaptive inasmuch as they are accurately communicated.
“We argued from a social-functional perspective that one key to answering these questions lies in the social-communicative function of emotions: Positive emotions should be adaptive inasmuch as they are accurately communicated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Lower social connectedness over time undermined psychological functioning.
“The more positive behaviors were dissociated from experiences, the lower social connectedness people exhibited, which over time under mined their psychological functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
These current-state influences likely introduced additional noise in the data that the study was not able to control.
“These influences likely introduced additional “noise” in the data that we were not able to control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- May combine two claims. 18
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataDepressive symptoms and well-being were negatively correlated (r about -.60).
“As expected, depressive symptoms and well-being were negatively correlated (r about –.60).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataOn average, the experiential and behavioral components of the emotion response were relatively more coherent than dissociated (M = -.68).
“As expected, on average the experiential and behavioral components of the emotion response were relatively more coherent than dissociated, as indicated by a negative sample mean of our index of experience-behavior dissociation (i.e., M =–.68, indicating a fairly low average level of dissociation).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataGreater experience-behavior dissociation predicted lower levels of well-being at Time 3 (r = -.22, p < .01).
“greater positive experience-behavior dissociation at Time 2 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of well-being at Time 3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere were no effects of sex or ethnicity (comparing Asian/Asian American to European/European American groups) on dissociation/coherence.
“We did not find effects of either sex or ethnicity (comparing Asian/Asian American to European/ European American groups).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was no evidence for curvilinear effects, and linear relationships presented the best fit for the data.
“There was no evidence for curvilinear effects, and linear relationships presented the best fit for the data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPositive emotions foster social connectedness and the formation of long-term cooperative bonds.
“In this way, positive emotions foster social connectedness (engagement in close, mutually satisfying relationships) and the formation of long-term cooperative bonds (Anderson et al., 2003; Reis & Patrick, 1996).”
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- cites Reis & Patrick, 1996
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PremisecitationPositive emotions serve social functions by communicating affiliative intent and approachability and by inducing positive emotional states in others.
“In particular, positive emotions serve these functions by communicating to others affiliative intent and approachability and by inducing positive emotional states in others (cf. Anderson, Keltner, & John, 2003; Borkenau & Liebler, 1992; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; King, 2000; Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004).”
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- cites Borkenau & Liebler, 1992
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- cites Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993
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Study design and conductcitationThe time window of -10 to 10 s was chosen because theoretical considerations led to expect meaningful time lags not greater than 10 s in either direction.
“The time window of –10 to 10 was chosen because theoretical considerations led us to expect that there might be meaningful time lags among measures not greater than 10 s in either direction (e.g., Gratton, 2000; Kettunen, Ravaja, Näätänen, Keskivaara, & Keltikangas-Järvinen, 1998; Levenson, 1988).”
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- cites Kettunen et al., 1998
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- cites Levenson, 1988
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PremisecitationSeveral researchers have argued that between-individual approaches are not appropriate for indexing the kind of dissociation expected to have consequences for individual-level functioning.
“Indeed, several researchers have argued that such between-individual approaches are not appropriate for indexing the kind of dissociation that is expected to have consequences for individual-level functioning, namely, the degree to which experiences and behavior are disconnected within a person during emotional episodes (e.g., Buck, 1980; Cacioppo et al., 1992; Lacey, 1967; Molenaar & Campbell, 2”
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Not checked in the free run.
- cites Cacioppo et al., 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lacey, 1967
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTechnical difficulties led to missing data for 10 participants (7%), leaving 125 participants for analyses.
“Technical difficulties in the laboratory session led to missing data for 10 participants (7%; see Control Variables and Predictors section for more detail). This left 125 participants (47% female) for analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe highest of the 21 cross-correlations was chosen because it likely reflects the most accurate index of association among responses.
“We chose the highest value of the resulting 21 cross-correlations for each participant because it likely reflects the most accurate index of association among responses (cf. Mauss et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mauss et al., 2005
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCollege students undergo emotionally intense transitions within a few months, which increases variability in psychological functioning.
“College students undergo a number of often emotionally intense transitions, even within the span of a few months (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992; Harlow & Cantor, 1994), which increases variability in psychological functioning.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Harlow & Cantor, 1994
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenCoders were unaware of other coders' ratings, of the experimental hypotheses, and of the stimuli participants were watching.
“Coders were unaware of other coders’ ratings, of the experimental hypotheses, and of the stimuli participants were watching.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationAll film clips had been pretested to primarily evoke amusement and to evoke comparable levels of amusement.
“All clips had been pretested to primarily evoke amusement and to evoke comparable levels of amusement (cf. Rottenberg, Ray, & Gross, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rottenberg, Ray, & Gross, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataDepressive symptoms measure had coefficient alpha reliability .87 at Time 1 and .83 at Time 3.
“Coefficient alpha reliability was .87 at Time 1 and .83 at Time 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataSocial connectedness composite had coefficient alpha reliability .91.
“Coefficient alpha reliability for the 16-item composite of social connectedness was .91.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataWell-being measure had coefficient alpha reliability .91 at Time 1 and .86 at Time 3.
“Coefficient alpha reliability was .91 at Time 1 and .86 at Time 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenTechnical problems led to five missing videotapes.
“Technical problems led to five missing videotapes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataInterrater reliability for behavior coding was satisfactory (mean coefficient alpha .89, SD .13).
“Average interrater reliabilities were satisfactory, with a mean coefficient alpha of .89 (SD = .13).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningParticipants were randomly assigned to three different films to enhance generalizability.
“To enhance generalizability, we presented three different films (each depicting a social interaction), to which participants were randomly assigned (ns = 41, 39, and 42).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataSelf-report ratings were excluded for five participants because they did not use the dial properly.
“Self-report ratings were excluded for five participants because they did not use the dial properly, as indicated by no movement in their ratings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSmiling when not happy or keeping a blank face when feeling delighted disrupts the functions of positive emotions.
“That is, smiling when not happy or keeping a blank face when feeling delighted disrupts the functions of positive emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBecause the effects are relatively stable and general, they likely affect people cumulatively, and even relatively small effect sizes can generate important consequences.
“Because of the relatively stable and general nature of these effects, they likely affect people cumulatively, and even relatively small effect sizes can end up generating important consequences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The effects in the present research are relatively stable and general.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningCausal interpretations based on this study alone can be made only with caution.
“Second, although we used a prospective longitudinal design, causal interpretations on the basis of this study alone can be made only with caution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationInauthenticity signals lack of trustworthiness and predictability, leading interaction and relationship partners to decrease closeness or commitment.
“Inauthenticity, in turn, signals lack of trustworthiness and predictability (Boone & Buck, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006; Reis & Patrick, 1996), leading interaction and relationship partners to decrease closeness or commitment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Boone & Buck, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Kernis & Goldman, 2006
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Reis & Patrick, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperimental studies of expressive suppression support the notion that dissociation can cause impairment in social connection and in psychological functioning.
“Third, experimental studies of expressive suppression (which arguably engenders experience-behavior dissociation) lend support to the notion that dissociation can cause impairment in social connection (e.g., Butler et al., 2003) and in psychological functioning (Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Butler et al., 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Gross & Levenson, 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Expressive suppression engenders experience-behavior dissociation.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe within-individual dissociation predicted social connectedness and psychological functioning, gaining insights over and above between-individual measures.
“We showed that this within-individual dissociation predicted social connectedness and psychological functioning. Thus, by capturing the patterning of multiple emotional responses as they unfolded over time, we were able to gain insights over and above those afforded by between-individual measures of mean-level responding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe degree to which experience and behaviors during positive emotions are dissociated versus cohere should predict psychological functioning, and it should do so via social processes.
“Thus, the degree to which experience and behaviors during positive emotions are dissociated (vs. cohere with each other) should predict psychological functioning, and it should do so via social processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe present effects were longitudinal, assessed 6 months apart, and obtained from different data sources and modes of assessment.
“Second, our effects not only were longitudinal (assessed 6 months apart) but were also obtained from different data sources and modes of assessment (laboratory assessment of emotional responding to film clips vs. self-report questionnaires).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study used a laboratory probe optimized to measure positive experience-behavior dissociation with within-individual methods.
“We used a laboratory probe optimized to measure positive experience- behavior dissociation with within-individual methods, and our results lend support to these ideas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataDissociation was assessed in a nonsocial laboratory situation even though the film clips used to induce amusement all depicted social interactions.
“Third, although the film clips we employed to induce amusement all depicted social interactions, dissociation was assessed in a nonsocial laboratory situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCurrent-state factors, such as stress, affect psychological functioning.
“First, current-state factors, such as stress, affect psychological functioning (Kendler, Karkowski, & Prescott, 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kendler, Karkowski, & Prescott, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little research has tested the other links in the proposed mediational model directly and in conjunction.
“However, little research has tested the other links in the proposed mediational model directly and in conjunction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lack of relevant research is due in part to the lack of an appropriate conceptual and empirical paradigm with which to measure accuracy of positive emotion expression.
“The lack of relevant research, we think, is due in part to the lack of an appropriate conceptual and empirical paradigm with which to measure accuracy of positive emotion expression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little empirical support has been garnered for the view that emotions involve coordinated responses across multiple response domains, especially when within-individual approaches have been used to measure coherence.
“Although a number of emotion theorists have argued in favor of this view, little empirical support has been garnered in support of it, especially when within-individual approaches have been used to measure coherence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Expressive suppression engenders experience-behavior dissociation.
“Third, experimental studies of expressive suppression (which arguably engenders experience-behavior dissociation) lend support to the notion that dissociation can cause impairment in social connection (e.g., Butler et al., 2003) and in psychological functioning (Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects in the present research are relatively stable and general.
“Because of the relatively stable and general nature of these effects, they likely affect people cumulatively, and even relatively small effect sizes can end up generating important consequences.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Discordance between positive affective experience and behavior relates to increased likelihood of developing depression and diminished well-being over time, in part by disrupting social connectedness.
“discordance between positive affective experience vs. behavior relates to increased likelihood of developing depression and diminished well-being over time, in part by disrupting social connectedness (Mauss et al., 2011; although for a discussion on important cultural differences see Su, Lee, & Oishee, 2013).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Mauss et al., 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 3.6reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 3.6, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 2reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .046
“z = 2.0, p = .05”
- Consistentz = 1.7reported p = .09 · recomputed p = .089
“z = 1.7, p = .09”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Fisher-transformed index is described as bounded from −1 to 1
MinorA Fisher r-to-z transformation is not bounded by −1 and 1; reverse-scoring it does not impose those bounds. The stated possible range instead describes a reverse-scored correlation.
“we standardized them using Fisher's r-to-z transformation and then reverse-scored them, so that higher values denote greater dissociation.”
“Dissociation indices can range from –1.0 (perfect coherence between experience and behavior) to 0 (no relationship between experience and behavior) to 1.0 (perfect inverse relationship: dissociation).”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAn argument for basic emotions
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ResultDeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSubjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index
Diener, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34 · Cited by 7,121 · cited 1× · see citing works
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What good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066 · cited 11× · see citing works
“Keywords: positive emotion, social-functional, experience– behavior dissociation, psychological functioning, social connectedness Positive emotions are often associated with good outcomes (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001; Harker & Keltner, 2001; Isen, 2000; King, Hicks, Krull, & Del Gaiso, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEkman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27734-000 · Cited by 6,019 · see citing works
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
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MethodSocial psychology: handbook of basic principles
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“In this way, positive emotions foster social connectedness (engagement in close, mutually satisfying relationships) and the formation of long-term cooperative bonds (Anderson et al,, 2003; Reis & Patrick, 1996).”
BackgroundHandbook of Affective Sciences
(2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.001.0001 · Cited by 5,104 · see citing works
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Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 · Cited by 3,947 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…has identified several intraindividual factors that may mediate the salutary effects of positive emotions, including cognitive and self-regulatory mechanisms (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001; Isen, 2000; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004; Tugade, Fredrickson, & Feldman Barrett, 2004).”
BackgroundFredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 3,512 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Keywords: positive emotion, social-functional, experience– behavior dissociation, psychological functioning, social connectedness Positive emotions are often associated with good outcomes (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001; Harker & Keltner, 2001; Isen, 2000; King, Hicks, Krull, & Del Gaiso, 2006).”
BackgroundLewis, M., & Haviland, J. M. (1993) · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0 · Cited by 3,149 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, because these two indices of psychological functioning are conceptually distinct and can show divergent effects (e.g., Ryff et al., 2006; Ryff & Singer, 2008), we considered them separately.”
BackgroundThe Prevalence of ‘Alexithymic’ Characteristics in Psychosomatic Patients
Sifneos, P. E. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000286529 · Cited by 2,818 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…& John, 2003), experiential avoidance (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006), and alexithymia (Sifneos, 1973; Taylor, 1984), increase the possibility of experience–behavior dissociation because they involve the regulation of only one response…”
BackgroundUchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488 · Cited by 2,727 · see citing works
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress <sup>1</sup>
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MethodCausal Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and the Onset of Major Depression
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Positive affect and the other side of coping.
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“Positive emotions are associated with enhanced psychological functioning, including higher levels of well-being and lower levels of mental health problems (Bonanno & Keltner, 1997; Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000; Fredrickson, 1998, 2001; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).”
BackgroundJohn, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x · Cited by 2,381 · see citing works
Self-citationCacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Second, although psychological functioning can affect social connectedness, we know from previous research that social connectedness causally contributes to psychological functioning (Cacioppo et al., 2006; Holahan & Moos, 1991; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2000).”
BackgroundFredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013262 · Cited by 2,365 · see citing works
Emotion elicitation using films
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408966 · Cited by 2,179 · see citing works
Self-citationBarrett, L. F. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x · Cited by 1,859 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, in line with theories that presume variability and context specificity of response system coherence (e.g., Barrett, 2006), the present results do not imply that experience–behavior coherence is absolute.”
BackgroundHiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,843 · see citing works
Self-citationHiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Functions of Emotions at Four Levels of Analysis
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379168 · Cited by 1,743 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…others affiliative intent and approachability and by inducing positive emotional states in others (cf. Anderson, Keltner, & John, 2003; Borkenau & Liebler, 1992; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; King, 2000; Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004).”
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Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales.
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“Six months after this laboratory session, we again assessed participants’ psychological functioning, as well as the potential mediator of social connectedness (Lee & Robbins, 1995).”
BackgroundThe social consequences of expressive suppression
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wlhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 · Cited by 1,400 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Third, experimental studies of expressive suppression (which arguably engenders experience–behavior dissociation) lend support to the notion that dissociation can cause impairment in social connection (e.g., Butler et al., 2003) and in psychological functioning (Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEmotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,364 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To do so, they used a global cultural-informant approach (Gross & Levenson, 1993) that was informed by microanalytic approaches (Ekman & Friesen, 1978).”
MethodSelf-citationLewis, M. D., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (2000) · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive affect and the experience of meaning in life.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
A Multicomponent Conceptualization of Authenticity: Theory and Research
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“Inauthenticity, in turn, signals lack of trustworthiness and predictability (Boone & Buck, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006; Reis & Patrick, 1996), leading interaction and relationship partners to decrease closeness or commitment.”
BackgroundThe Tie That Binds? Coherence Among Emotion Experience, Behavior, and Physiology.
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175 · Cited by 1,201 · cited 6× · see citing works
“A withinindividual index of dissociation (d) was obtained using a procedure similar to that described in Mauss et al. (2005) and Sze, Gyurak, Yuan and Levenson (2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPositive affect and decision making.
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The Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment
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The new person-specific paradigm in psychology
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“…of dissociation that is expected to have consequences for individual-level functioning, namely, the degree to which experiences and behavior are disconnected within a person during emotional episodes (e.g., Buck, 1980; Cacioppo et al., 1992; Lacey, 1967; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009; Stemmler, 1992).”
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Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.003 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence.
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Emotion Elicitation Using Films
Rottenberg, J. A., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195169157.003.0002 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Self-citationCampbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.001 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Emotion, Social Function, and Psychopathology
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320 · Cited by 773 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In contrast, when emotional behavior is dissociated from experience, social communication should be disrupted (cf. Berry & Pennebaker, 1993; Bonanno et al., 2007; Boone & Buck, 2003; Keltner & Kring, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychological stress : issues in research
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Attraction and close relationships.
Berscheid, E., & Reis, H. T. (1998) · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Berridge, K. C. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00014-9 · Cited by 694 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In future research, studies of response-system dissociation as well as other phenomena, such as emotional awareness (Schooler & Mauss, 2010; Sze et al,, 2010), might benefit from this method.”
Emotional convergence between people over time.
Anderson, C., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1054 · Cited by 676 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…trustworthiness and predictability as well as effective emotional communication—have important effects on longer term relationship outcomes, including social connectedness (e.g., Anderson et al., 2003; Boone & Buck, 2003; Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993; Swann, De La Ronde, & Hixon, 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological well-being and ill-Being: do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates?
Ryff, C. D., Dienberg Love, G., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Friedman, E. M., Davidson, R. J., & Singer, B. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000090892 · Cited by 672 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, because these two indices of psychological functioning are conceptually distinct and can show divergent effects (e.g., Ryff et al., 2006; Ryff & Singer, 2008), we considered them separately.”
BackgroundThe relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338 · Cited by 647 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These effects were mediated by gains in resources, including social resources.”
BackgroundLinear Panel Analysis: Models of Quantitative Change
Narasimhan, V., Phillips, F. Y., Kessler, R. C., & Greenberg, D. F. (1982) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151743 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Alexithymia: concept, measurement, and implications for treatment
Taylor, G. J. (1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.6.725 · Cited by 639 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…experiential avoidance (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006), and alexithymia (Sifneos, 1973; Taylor, 1984), increase the possibility of experience–behavior dissociation because they involve the regulation of only one response system (e.g.,…”
BackgroundThe social roles and functions of emotions.
Frijda, N. H., & Mesquita, B. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10152-002 · Cited by 632 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…others affiliative intent and approachability and by inducing positive emotional states in others (cf. Anderson, Keltner, & John, 2003; Borkenau & Liebler, 1992; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; King, 2000; Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004).”
BackgroundTrait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance.
Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645 · Cited by 609 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…to others affiliative intent and approachability and by inducing positive emotional states in others (cf. Anderson, Keltner, & John, 2003; Borkenau & Liebler, 1992; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; King, 2000; Shiota, Campos, Keltner, &…”
Harker, L., & Keltner, D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.112 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Authenticity and positivity strivings in marriage and courtship.
Swann, W. B., Ronde, C. D. L., & Hixon, J. G. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.857 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Handbook of psychophysiology, 2nd ed.
Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (2000) · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Donahue, E. M., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., & John, O. P. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.5.834 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment.
Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.83 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
The social costs of emotional suppression: a prospective study of the transition to college
Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014755 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Behavioral Markers and Recognizability of the Smile of Enjoyment
Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.003.0011 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Donahue, E. M., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., et al. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.834 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement
Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.126 · Cited by 379 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Positive Emotion Dissociation, Social Connectedness, and Psychological Functioning Iris B. Mauss, Amanda J. Shallcross, and Allison S. Troy University of Denver Oliver P. John University of California, Berkeley Emilio Ferrer University of California, Davis Frank H. Wilhelm University of Salzburg James J. Gross Stanfor…”
BackgroundInfluentialFacial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement.
Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.126 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Attachment and intimacy: Component processes.
Reis, H. T., & Patrick, B. C. (1996) · Cited by 374 · see citing works
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610898 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Life stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: A 4-year structural model.
Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.1.31 · Cited by 354 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Second, although psychological functioning can affect social connectedness, we know from previous research that social connectedness causally contributes to psychological functioning (Cacioppo et al., 2006; Holahan & Moos, 1991; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2000).”
BackgroundNonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: the facial feedback hypothesis
Buck, R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.811 · Cited by 336 · cited 3× · see citing works
“When emotional behavior is dissociated from experience and thus inaccurate, it may disrupt communication (cf. Berry & Pennebaker, 1993; Bonanno et al., 2007; Boone & Buck, 2003; Keltner & Kring, 1998).”
BackgroundLinear Panel Analysis: Models of Quantitative Change.
Alwin, D. F., Kessler, R. C., & Greenberg, D. F. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066777 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Evolution and facial action in reflex, social motive, and paralanguage
Fridlund, A. J. (1991) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(91)90003-y · Cited by 287 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These findings are inconsistent with the behavioral ecology view (e.g., Fridlund, 1991), which predicts that emotional behavior affects individuals’ functioning regardless of internal experience.”
ResultLife stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: A 4-year structural model.
Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.1.31 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Social psychophysiology and emotion : theory and clinical applications
Wagner, H. L. (1988) · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020146 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Embodiment, Ego-Space, and Action
(2008) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203809891 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Which social needs are important for subjective well-being? What happens to them with aging?
Steverink, N., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.281 · Cited by 228 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These effects were mediated by gains in resources, including social resources.”
BackgroundBoone, R. T., & Buck, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025341931128 · Cited by 222 · cited 7× · see citing works
“In contrast, when emotional behavior is dissociated from experience, social communication should be disrupted (cf. Berry & Pennebaker, 1993; Bonanno et al., 2007; Boone & Buck, 2003; Keltner & Kring, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion and the autonomic nervous system: A prospectus for research on autonomic specificity.
LEVENSON, R. W. (1988) · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Autonomic Specificity and Emotion
Levenson, R. W. (2002) · Handbook of Affective Sciences · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.003.0011 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., & Mauss, I. B. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.025 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Dissociation of Emotion Expression from Emotion Experience: A Personality Perspective
Gross, J. J., John, O. P., & Richards, J. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200268006 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationNonverbal and Verbal Emotional Expression and Health
Berry, D. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000288640 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Uchino, B. N., Crites, S. L., Snydersmith, M. A., Smith, G., Berntson, G. G., & Lang, P. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.1.110 · Cited by 140 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…of dissociation that is expected to have consequences for individual-level functioning, namely, the degree to which experiences and behavior are disconnected within a person during emotional episodes (e.g., Buck, 1980; Cacioppo et al., 1992; Lacey, 1967; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009; Stemmler, 1992).”
BackgroundSocial and emotional functions in facial expression and communication: the readout hypothesis
Buck, R. W. (1994) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(94)90032-9 · Cited by 119 · cited 3× · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with the notion that the function of positive emotions is best served when positive behaviors accurately match feelings (cf. Buck, 1994; Keltner & Kring, 1998).”
BackgroundResultWubben, M. J. J., Cremer, D. D., & van Dijk, E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.010 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Continuous Measurement of Emotion:The Affect Rating Dial
Ruef, A. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195169157.003.0018 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Uchino, B. N., Crites, S. L., et al. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.110 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bonanno, G. A., Colak, D. M., Keltner, D. J., Shiota, M. N., Papa, A., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.824 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Psychological Well-Being and Ill-Being: Do They Have Distinct or Mirrored Biological Correlates?
symptom・・・CES-D, 高いと抑うつ傾向、α, 行はwell-beingとBiomarker, & 列はill-beingとBiomarker (2010) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
To Be Happy and to Know It: The Experience and Meta-Awareness of Pleasure
Schooler, J. W., & Mauss, I. B. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195331028.003.0016 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationKettunen, J., Ravaja, N., Näätänen, P., Keskivaara, P., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (1998) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(98)00017-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Social pursuit of academics: Side effects and spillover of strategic reassurance seeking.
Harlow, R. E., & Cantor, N. E. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.386 · Cited by 37 · cited 2× · see citing works
“College students undergo a number of often emotionally intense transitions, even within the span of a few months (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992; Harlow & Cantor, 1994), which increases variability in psychological functioning.”
BackgroundStemmler, G. (1992) · Journal of Psychophysiology · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Social Dance: On-Line Body Perception in the Context of Others
(2008) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203809891-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Why happiness is good for you: A commentary on Fredrickson.
King, L. A. (2000) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.34c · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…others affiliative intent and approachability and by inducing positive emotional states in others (cf. Anderson, Keltner, & John, 2003; Borkenau & Liebler, 1992; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; King, 2000; Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004).”
Background
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Positive Emotions Broaden and Build
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2 · Cited by 1,907 · see citing works
“, 2011), and more likely to function at optimal levels (Fredrickson & Losada, 2005; Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.004 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
(Mis)perception of Sleep in Insomnia: A Puzzle and a Resolution
Harvey, A. G., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025730 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020146 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Loneliness in psychosis: a systematic review
Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., & Penn, D. L. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1482-5 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“, joy and smiling) send an accurate signal to others, of a willingness or openness for social interactions [99].”
BackgroundDigital well-being theory and research
Büchi, M. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211056851 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“” A plausible mechanism would be that such sharing leads to experiencing social connectedness, which in turn increases general well-being (Lomanowska and Guitton, 2016; Mauss et al., 2011; Valkenburg and Peter, 2007)— here, input from or development of specific theoretical mechanisms is required.”
BackgroundValidation of the ostracism experience scale for adolescents
Gilman, R., Carter-Sowell, A., DeWall, C. N., Adams, R. E., & Carboni, I. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0030913 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Emotional Labor Dynamics: A Momentary Approach
Gabriel, A. S., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.1135 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Coherence between Emotion and Facial Expression: Evidence from Laboratory Experiments
Reisenzein, R., Studtmann, M., & Horstmann, G. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912457228 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“68 between continuous self-ratings of amusement during humorous films and continuous ratings of smile intensity by observers (Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2005; Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHow Social Are Social Media? A Review of Online Social Behaviour and Connectedness
Ryan, T., Allen, K., Gray, D. L., & McInerney, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Relationships Research · doi:10.1017/jrr.2017.13 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“Establishing a sense of social connectedness is an integral aspect of human life and one that enhances various aspects of psychological wellbeing (McCoy, 1999; Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHow Psychological Capital Mediates Between Study–Related Positive Emotions and Academic Performance
Carmona-Halty, M. A., Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9963-5 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“In other words, by experiencing positive emotions, people will enhance their personal resources, which in turn, may lead to a more enduring positive state of well–being and future positive outcomes (Fredrikson 2013; Fredrikson et al. 2003; Lyubomirsky et al. 2005; Mauss et al. 2011).”
BackgroundLin, H. Y., Tov, W., & Qiu, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.045 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“This capitalization of positive emotions has been found to produce prolonged hedonic feelings (Mauss et al., 2011; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), higher levels of somatic activity and amusement (Gross & Levenson, 1997), and better life satisfaction and interpersonal relationships (Gable & Reis, 2010;…”
BackgroundPROSPER: A New Framework for Positive Education
Noble, T., & McGrath, H. (2015) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-015-0030-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Emotion response coherence: a dual-process perspective.
Evers, C., Hopp, H., Gross, J., Fischer, A., Manstead, A., & Mauss, I. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.003 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“In line with this idea, research has shown that coherence between emotion experience and emotion behavior is linked to psychological functioning (Mauss et al., 2011).”
Self-citationLynch, T. R., Gray, K. L. H., Hempel, R., Titley, M., Chen, E. Y., & O’Mahen, H. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-293 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Overcontrol (OC) or excessive inhibitory control has been linked to social isolation, poor interpersonal functioning, hyper-perfectionism, rigidity, risk aversion, lack of emotional expression, and the development of severe and difficult-to-treat mental health problems, such as chronic depression, anorexia nervosa, an…”
Algoe, S. B., & Stanton, A. L. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024024 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The role of psychological capital in employee creativity
Yu, X., Li, D., Tsai, C.-H., & Wang, C. (2019) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-04-2018-0103 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Oldershaw, A., Startup, H. M., & Lavender, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00219 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Santos, V., Paes, F., Pereira, V., Arias-Carrión, O., Silva, A. C., Carta, M. G., Nardi, A. E., & Machado, S. (2013) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901309010221 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“[6] investigated whether dissociation between positive emotion experience and behaviors predict two facets of psychological functioning- depressive symptoms and well-being- and if so, wether these effects are mediated by social connectedness.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrown, C. L., Doren, N. V., Ford, B. Q., Mauss, I. B., Sze, J. A., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000579 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Past research has shown associations between wellbeing and the coherence between emotional experience and expressive behavior using a methodology similar to ours (Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe affective antecedents of cognitive social network activation
Shea, C. T., Menon, T., Smith, E. B., & Emich, K. J. (2015) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2015.01.003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Smiling for a Wage: What Emotional Labor Teaches Us About Emotion Regulation
Grandey, A. A. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.962444 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“A more microlevel way to test Gross’s new model is by using “online” momentary assessments, similar to continuous rating research Gross has done on experienced emotions (e.g., Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2005; Mauss et al., 2011).”
MethodDurán, J. I., & Fernández-Dols, J.-M. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001015 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Don’t grin when you win: The social costs of positive emotion expression in performance situations.
Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Pedder, D. J., & Margetts, E. A. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034442 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Protective processes underlying the links between marital quality and physical health
Slatcher, R. B., & Schoebi, D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.09.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Creativity as a Means to Well-Being in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Cross-Cultural Study
Tang, M., Hofreiter, S., Reiter‐Palmon, R., Bai, X., & Murugavel, V. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.601389 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Radically open DBT: Targeting emotional loneliness in Anorexia Nervosa
Hempel, R., Vanderbleek, E., & Lynch, T. R. (2018) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2018.1418268 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Likewise, incongruence between felt experience and displayed behavior makes it more likely for observers to perceive a person as untrustworthy or inauthentic (Boone & Buck, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006), thereby reducing social connectedness and exacerbating psychological distress (Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation and emotion coherence: Evidence for strategy-specific effects.
Dan‐Glauser, E., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032672 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“low coherence) between emotional responses showed that increased depressive symptoms and lower well-being were associated with lower coherence between expressive and experiential positive responses (Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHappy-productive groups: How positive affect links to performance through social resources
Peñalver, J., Salanova, M., Martínez, I. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1402076 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Again and again, the literature has shown that positive emotions provide benefits related to social processes such as prosocial behavior and sociability (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005), social connectedness (Mauss et al., 2011), and social support (Salanova, Bakker, & Llorens, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Science of Health Care Worker Burnout: Assessing and Improving Health Care Worker Well-Being
Rehder, K. J., Adair, K. C., & Sexton, J. B. (2021) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0557-ra · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Butler, E. A., Gross, J. J., & Barnard, K. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationWelbourne, J. L., Blanchard, A., & Wadsworth, M. B. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.024 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Fun is more fun when others are involved
Reis, H. T., O’Keefe, S. D., & Lane, R. D. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1221123 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“For example, Fraley and Aron (2004) showed that humor enhanced closeness among strangers, and, in a short-term longitudinal study, Mauss et al. (2011) demonstrated that expressions of positive affect promoted feeling socially connected.”
BackgroundTaylor, C. T., Pearlstein, S. L., Kakaria, S., Lyubomirsky, S., & Stein, M. B. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10102-7 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“1 3 developing depression and diminished well-being over time, in part by disrupting social connectedness (Mauss et al. 2011; although for a discussion on important cultural differences see Su et al. 2013).”
BackgroundBruder, M., Dosmukhambetova, D., Nerb, J., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.645280 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Brown, C. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The effect of social connectedness on consumer adoption of social commerce in apparel shopping
Cho, E., & Son, J. (2019) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-019-0171-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Chen, L. H. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0145-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Transition from military to civilian: Identity, social connectedness, and veteran wellbeing
Flack, M., & Kite, L. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261634 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kreibig, S. D., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Scherer, K. R. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.007 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Brown, C. L., Chen, K., Wells, J. L., Otero, M. C., Connelly, D. E., LEVENSON, R. W., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000939 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hashemi, N., Marzban, M., Sebar, B., & Harris, N. (2019) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000287 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
PTSD in U.S. Veterans: The Role of Social Connectedness, Combat Experience and Discharge
Kintzle, S. M., Barr, N., Corletto, G., & Castro, C. A. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030102 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Existing research shows that experiencing a higher sense of social connectedness may serve as a protective factor against psychological distress, depression, PTSD, low self-esteem and suicidal ideation [14,15].”
BackgroundHoferichter, F., Raufelder, D., & Eid, M. (2014) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21778 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mansel, B., & Einion, A. (2019) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2019.28.21.1400 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Paramita, W., Nhu, H. B. C., Ngo, L. V., Tran, Q. H. M., & Gregory, G. D. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102611 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Zhang, M., & Aggarwal, P. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.01.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Daniels, K., Glover, J. L., & Mellor, N. J. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12074 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ma, H., Zhao, M., Liu, Y., & Wei, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1370359 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Conversely, positive emotions can significantly enhance psychological functioning and happiness (53), contributing to individual life satisfaction.”
BackgroundGreenaway, K. H., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2017) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2017.1331874 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Xu, J., Xie, B., & Chung, B. G. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224503 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Affective well-being has also been shown to be associated with developing adaptive personal resources in a number of domains, including psychological and physical health [4,33].”
BackgroundHuang, X., & Wang, C. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103363 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Yu, Y., Xie, Y., Li, P., Liu, B., Xie, J., Bian, C., & Li, M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have provided evidence for the positive relationship between positive affect and well-being (Kuppens et al., 2008; Layous et al., 2014; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundVandenberghe, C., Panaccio, A. J., Bentein, K., Mignonac, K., Roussel, P., & Ayed, A. K. B. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2324 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Don, B. P., Eller, J., Simpson, J. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Algoe, S. B., Rholes, W. S., & Mickelson, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000371 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Expressing and Amplifying Positive Emotions Facilitate Goal Attainment in Workplace Interactions
Wong, E., Tschan, F., Messerli, L., & Semmer, N. K. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00188 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Expressing positive emotions is seen as an affirmation of an agreeable relationship (Fisher and Shapiro, 2006), which enhances social connectedness (Mauss et al., 2011), strengthens group attachment (Lawler, 1992), increases trust (Dunn and Schweitzer, 2005), and improves the emotional climate in…”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychological Characteristics of Problem Gamblers with and without Mood Disorder
Lister, J. J., Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371506000806 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
From Ice Age to Madagascar: Appreciation of slapstick humor in children with Asperger's syndrome
Weiss, E. M., Gschaidbauer, B., Samson, A. C., Steinbäcker, K., Fink, A., & Papousek, I. (2013) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2013-0029 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Response coherence has shown to be correlated with social connectedness (Mauss et al. 2011).”
BackgroundUnited on Sunday: The effects of secular rituals on social bonding and affect
Charles, S. J., van Mulukom, V., Brown, J. E., Watts, F., Dunbar, R., & Farias, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242546 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This not only demonstrated that rituals lead to social bonding, but also provided support for the hypothesis that emotional state–and more specifically positive affect–is related to feelings of social connectedness [19, 31, 32].”
ResultNeta, M., & Brock, R. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80471-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Resting-state neural activity and connectivity associated with subjective happiness
Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Uono, S., Sawada, R., Kubota, Y., Yoshimura, S., & Toichi, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48510-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Enhancing self-efficacy for career development in Facebook
Argyris, Y. A., & Xu, D. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Petkari, E., & Ortiz‐Tallo, M. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9820-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Do Happy Events Love Company? Cultural Variations in Sharing Positive Events With Others
Choi, H. P., Oishi, S., Shin, J.-E., & Suh, E. M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218789071 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Facial expression of positive emotions in individuals with eating disorders
Dapelo, M. M., Hart, S., Hale, C., Morris, R. G., Lynch, T. R., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Indeed, inhibited emotional expression has been shown to make it more likely for others to perceive the inhibited person as untrustworthy or inauthentic (e.g., English and John, 2013) and to reduce social connectedness (e.g., Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe experience of loneliness: The role of fears of compassion and social safeness
Best, T., Herring, L., Clarke, C., Kirby, J. N., & Gilbert, P. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111161 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pizarro, J. J., Basabe, N., Amutio, A., Telletxea, S., Harizmendi, M., & Gordon, W. V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01200-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chapman, H. R., Chipchase, S. Y., & Bretherton, R. (2015) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.852 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lynch, T. R., Whalley, B., Hempel, R., Byford, S., Clarke, P., Clarke, S. E., Kingdon, D., O’Mahen, H., Russell, I. T., Shearer, J., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008857 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“29 30 Since these responses may create or maintain depressive symptoms, RO-DBT uniquely emphasises both communicative and facilitative functions of emotional expressions in the formation of close social bonds and empathic behaviours via micromi-micry and the mirror neuron system.”
Jicol, C., Cheng, H. Y., Petrini, K., & O'Neill, E. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280390 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“However, despite emotions having been shown to influence feelings of social connectedness in the real world [46], relatively few studies investigated the role played by emotion in the formation of social presence in VR.”
BackgroundEmotional coherence in early and later adulthood during sadness reactivity and regulation.
Lohani, M., Payne, B. R., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000345 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Some have argued that a higher experience-expression coherence might be adaptive and is functional in expressing felt emotions to others (Evers et al., 2014; Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCohrdes, C., Wrzus, C., Frisch, S., & Riediger, M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000362 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In contrast, positive states (such as contentment) have been proposed to facilitate processes associated with creating interpersonal closeness and affiliation (Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAI Chatbot Adoption in Academia: Task Fit, Usefulness and Collegial Ties
Soodan, V., Rana, A. K., Jain, A., & Sharma, D. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology Education Innovations in Practice · doi:10.28945/5260 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Establishing social connection s is considered crucial in fostering various facets of psychological wellbeing (Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDoren, N. V., Dickens, C. N., Benson, L., Brick, T. R., Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M., & Oravecz, Z. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108074 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Han, D. E., Park, H. G., An, U., Kim, S. E., & Kim, Y.-H. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221088521 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“On the one hand, substantial literature has generally described the crucial role of the expression of positive emotions in promoting social relatedness (Michalik et al., 2007; Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundZantinge, G., van Rijn, S., Stockmann, L., & Swaab, H. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318766439 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The importance of concordance is illustrated in a study by Mauss et al. (2011), who found that discordance was associated with later increased depressive symptoms, lower well-being and over time undermined psychological functioning in undergraduate female students.”
Gabriel, A. S., Diefendorff, J. M., Bennett, A. A., & Sloan, M. D. (2016) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428116673721 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Mauss et al. (2005) collected continuous ratings at 200 times per second, whereas Mauss et al. (2011) collected continuous ratings at 1,000 times per second.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRadically open dialectical behaviour therapy for refractory depression: the RefraMED RCT
Lynch, T. R., Hempel, R. J., Whalley, B., Byford, S., Chamba, R., Clarke, P., Clarke, S., Kingdon, D., O’Mahen, H., Remington, B., et al. (2018) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/eme05070 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“People who are inexpressive or who show expressions that do not match their inner experiences are often perceived as inauthentic or untrustworthy by others, which may lead to social ostracism and emotional loneliness.(41,45,46) Consequently, RO DBT emphasises the importance of targeting social-signalling deficits and…”
BackgroundWu, Y., Bai, Y.-L., Liu, X., Xu, W., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2024.0442 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“API can help adolescents to feel positive emotions and actively cope with adversity instead of perceiving it as threatening, 70,71 which alleviates their depression.”
Positivity and the capabilities approach
Jayawickreme, E., & Pawelski, J. O. (2012) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.660687 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhou, T., Shang, Z., & Wang, D. (2016) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12149 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The affective and conversational benefits of a walk in nature among mother–daughter dyads
Izenstark, D., Ravindran, N., Rodriguez, S., & Devine, N. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12250 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Dong, K., & Zhao, G. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110473 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Strategy narratives and wellbeing challenges: The role of everyday self-presentation
Liu, C., Keeling, D. I., & Hogg, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.036 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Increasing motivation in social exercise games: personalising gamification elements to player type
Chan, G., Arya, A., Orji, R., Zhao, Z., & Whitehead, A. D. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2255293 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Developmental Trauma Disorder: A Provisional Diagnosis
Teague, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2013.804470 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“According to Mauss et al. (2011), dissociation during positive experiences impedes social connection, which can interfere with well-being.”
BackgroundProfile of Adolescents’ Positive Emotions: An Indicator of their Psychological Well-being
Rana, S., & Nandinee, D. (2016) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-015-0347-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zerwas, F. K., Springstein, T., Karnilowicz, H. R., Lam, P., Butler, E. A., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108079 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationLow, M. M., King, R. B., & Caleon, I. S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-576-1_30 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aldao, A., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.895942 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…attempts at regulation (e.g., Barrett, 2009; Bradley & Lang, 2000; Ekman, 1992; Hsieh et al., 2011; Levenson, 1994; Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2005; Mauss et al., 2011; Russell, Rosenberg, & Lewis, 2011; Smith, Hubbard, & Laurenceau, 2011; Sze, Gyurak, Yuan, & Levenson, 2010).”
Incremental theories of emotion across time: Temporal dynamics and correlates of change.
Gutentag, T., John, O. P., Gross, J. J., & Tamir, M. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000945 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationUrgency Theory in the context of broader emotion theories: a conceptual review
Fisher-Fox, L., Prestigiacomo, C. J., & Cyders, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1403639 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Park, E., Lee, D., Han, Y., Diefendorff, J. M., & Lee, U. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3678593 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“According to studies explaining the emotion process, experienced and expressed emotions can vary significantly and show substantial variability within a short time frame [65, 73, 74].”
Mechanisms of quality-of-life improvement in treatment for alcohol use disorder.
Carlon, H. A., Hurlocker, M. C., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000750 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhang, N., Wu, K., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., & Zhou, X. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102309 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wah, T., Bryant, F. B., & Hou, W. K. (2020) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12650 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Avaliação das Relações Familiares por Idosos com Diferentes Condições Sociodemograficas e de Saúde
Rabelo, D. F., & Neri, A. L. (2016) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712016210318 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Quando coerente com o estado interno das pessoas, a expressão de emoções positivas leva a níveis mais altos de funcionamento psicológico e ao aumento da conectividade social (Mauss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPutting Effort into Emotion Regulation: Manipulating Desirability and Motivational Strength
Gutentag, T., & Tamir, M. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00155-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Positive affect is inversely related to the salience and emotion network’s connectivity
Qi, D., Lam, C. L. M., Wong, J. J., Chang, D. H. F., & Lee, T. M. C. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00397-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It is also associated with a number of beneficial health and social outcomes including improved mental and physical well-being (Davidson et al. 2010; Mauss et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEmotional Self-Efficacy, Emotional Empathy and Emotional Approach Coping as Sources of Happiness
Totan, T., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mauss, I. B., Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., John, O. P., Ferrer, E., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 738-748
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC3265161
- OpenAlex
- W2130093360
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 13.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH58147, R21 AG031967)
- Metanexus Institute
- Retirement Research Foundation
- University of Denver
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- positive emotions, social connectedness, smiling, depressive symptoms, well-being
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Emotions, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Prospective Studies, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Support, Students, Young Adult
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