Emotion, Social Function, and Psychopathology

Keltner, Dacher; Kring, Ann M.

doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320

Cited by 773Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEmotions and Moral Behavior

Emotion, Social Function, and Psychopathology

Keltner, Dacher, Kring, Ann M.·1998·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320

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Abstract

The studies of emotion function and emotional disorders complement one another. In this article, the authors outline relations between the social functions of emotion and four psychological disorders. The authors first present a social-functional account of emotion and argue that emotions help coordinate social interactions through their informative, evocative, and incentive functions. They then review evidence concerning the emotional and social problems related to depression, schizophrenia, social anxiety, and borderline personality disorder and consider how the emotional disturbances related to these disorders disrupt interactions and relationships, thus contributing further to the maintenance of the disorder. They conclude by discussing research strategies relevant to the study of emotion, social interaction, and psychopathology.

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Negative affect contributes to social connections.
“prior research suggesting that both positive affect (e.g. Fredrickson, 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and negative affect (e.g. Keltner & Kring, 1998) contribute to social connections, and that positive affect may especially so (see Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017; Taylor, Pearlstein, & Stein, 2020).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Keltner & Kring, 1998

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Social Skills Training for Psychiatric Patients
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The functional relation between depression and problematic interpersonal behavior.
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Contagious depression: Existence, specificity to depressed symptoms, and the role of reassurance seeking.
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Regional electroencephalographic asymmetries in bipolar seasonal affective disorder before and after exposure to bright light
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Psychopathology: An Interactional Perspective
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Facial expressions as conditioned stimuli for electrodermal responses: A case of "preparedness"?
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Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success
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“Similarly, people with social phobia have less favorable perceptions of their own social abilities than others do (Wallace & Alden, 1997).”
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Prevalence and stability of social skill deficits in schizophrenia
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Social support, life events, and depressive symptoms: A 1-year prospective study.
Monroe, S. M., Bromet, E. J., Connell, M. M., & Steiner, S. C. (1986) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.54.4.424 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Social competence in schizophrenia: Premorbid adjustment, social skill, and domains of functioning
Mueser, K. T., Bellack, A. S., Morrison, R. L., & Wixted, J. T. (1990) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(90)90024-k · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder features in nonclinical young adults: 2. Two-year outcome.
Trull, T. J., Useda, J. D., Conforti, K., et al. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.2.307 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Laughter in young children.
Rothbart, M. K. (1973) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0034846 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Empathic embarrassment: Situational and personal determinants of reactions to the embarrassment of another.
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Social Skills Training for Psychiatric Patients
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More evidence for generalized poor performance in facial emotion perception in schizophrenia.
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Self-citation
Effects of Lateralized Presentations of Faces on Self‐Reports of Emotion and EEG Asymmetry in Depressed and Non‐Depressed Subjects
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Contagious depression: Existence, specificity to depressed symptoms, and the role of reassurance seeking.
Joiner, T. E. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.287 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Mood variability: a study of four groups
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An Affect-Conditioning Model of Nonhuman Primate Vocal Signaling
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An Affective Syndrome in Psychopaths with Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: theoretical and empirical foundations
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Borderline and schizophrenic patients: A comparative study
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Responses to depressed individuals: Discrepancies between self-report and observer-rated behavior.
Gotlib, I. H., & Robinson, L. A. (1982) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.91.4.231 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Psychosocial processes of remission in unipolar depression: Comparing depressed patients with matched community controls.
Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.3.314 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Emotions as social relationships
de Rivera, J., & Grinkis, C. (1986) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992109 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Longitudinal prediction of marital discord from premarital expressions of affect.
Smith, D. A., Vivian, D., & O’Leary, K. D. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.58.6.790 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Impulsivity, Coping Styles, and Triggers for Craving in Substance Abusers with Borderline Personality Disorder
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A two-dimensional threshold model of seasonal bipolar affective disorder.
Depue, R. A., Krauss, S. P., & Spoont, M. R. (1987) · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Nonverbal behavior and psychopathology.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1974) · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Social support, life events, and depressive symptoms: A 1-year prospective study.
Monroe, S. M., Bromet, E. J., Connell, M. M., et al. (1986) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.54.4.424 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Child-directed speech produced by mothers with symptoms of depression fails to promote associative learning in 4-month old infants
Kaplan, P. S., Bachorowski, J.-A., & Zarlengo-Strouse, P. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00041 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Shyness and low social support as interactive diatheses, with loneliness as mediator: Testing an interpersonal-personality view of vulnerability to depressive symptoms.
Jr. Joiner Thomas, E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.3.386 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Psychopathology and marital distress: The positive side of positive symptoms.
Hooley, J. M., Richters, J. E., Weintraub, S. A., & Neale, J. M. (1987) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.96.1.27 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Facial expressions of emotion and psychopathology in adolescent boys.
Keltner, D. J., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.104.4.644 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
The price of soliciting and receiving negative feedback: Self-verification theory as a vulnerability to depression theory.
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Nonverbal cues for depression.
Waxer, P. H. (1974) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036706 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The association between social support and course of depression: Is it confounded with personality?
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The Effects of Directional Facial Cues on Electrodermal Conditioning to Facial Stimuli
Dimberg, U., & Öhman, A. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03282.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Anhedonia and Affect Deficit States
Clark, D., & FAWCETT, J. A. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Infants of “depressed” mothers interact better with their nondepressed fathers
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The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916 · see citing works
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · see citing works
Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2007) · Cited by 3,233 · see citing works
Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018807 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Self-citation
Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding
Appelhans, B. M., & Luecken, L. J. (2006) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229 · Cited by 1,893 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
Are Emotions Natural Kinds?
Barrett, L. F. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
The social consequences of expressive suppression
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wlhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and culture: are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific?
Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.30 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
The Interpersonal Effects of Anger and Happiness in Negotiations.
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.57 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Functional Accounts of Emotions
Keltner, D. J., & Gross, J. J. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379140 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social signal processing: Survey of an emerging domain
Vinciarelli, A., Pantic, M., & Bourlard, H. (2009) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2008.11.007 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Social Signal Processing
Scherer, K. R., Schuller, B., & Elkins, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676202 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
The evolution and psychology of self-deception
von Hippel, W., & Trivers, R. L. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10001354 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence.
Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.780 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Emotional convergence between people over time.
Anderson, C., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1054 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Self-citation
Expressions of positive emotion in women's college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood.
Harker, L., & Keltner, D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.112 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotional Expression: Advances in Basic Emotion Theory
Keltner, D. J., Sauter, D. A., Tracy, J. L., & Cowen, A. (2019) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-019-00293-3 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Self-citation
Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: a meta-analysis
Sarrionandia, A., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00160 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611406927 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Interpersonal Flourishing: A Positive Health Agenda for the New Millennium
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0401_4 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Social Functionality of Human Emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., & Bräuer, M. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
A longitudinal analysis of the association between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit.
Côté, S., & Morgan, L. M. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.174 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
A Social Interaction Model Of The Effects Of Emotion Regulation On Work Strain
CÔTÉ, S. (2005) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2005.17293692 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science
Kring, A. M., & Moran, E. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn071 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Self-citation
Temporal Interpersonal Emotion Systems: The “TIES” That Form Relationships
Butler, E. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311411164 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
How Emotions Work: The Social Functions of Emotional Expression in Negotiations
Morris, M. W., & Keltner, D. J. (2000) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(00)22002-9 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citation
Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions
Lim, M. H., Eres, R., & Vasan, S. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Emotion Processing in Borderline Personality Disorders
LEVINE, D., Marziali, E., & Hood, J. E. (1997) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199704000-00004 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Vocal Expression Of Emotion
Scherer, K. R., Johnstone, & Klasmeyer, G. (2002) · Handbook of Affective Sciences · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.003.0023 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The importance of functional impairment to mental health outcomes: a case for reassessing our goals in depression treatment research
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.005 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction
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Authors: Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Keltner, Dacher
Kring, Ann M.
ORCID: Keltner, Dacher
Kring, Ann M.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-09
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 320-342
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320
OpenAlex: W2149038863
Cited by: 773
References: 242
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 7.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: social functions of emotion, social interaction, depression, schizophrenia, social anxiety, borderline personality disorder, emotional disorders, interpersonal relationships

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