Measuring ethnic identity in the ethnic identity scale and the multigroup ethnic identity measure-revised
Abstract
This study examined the newly developed ethnic identity measures of the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS) and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R) from psychometric and theoretical perspectives. Survey data from 289 counseling students in California were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analyses supported three correlated factors of the EIS (exploration, resolution, and affirmation) and two correlated factors of the MEIM-R (exploration, commitment) for both European American and minority students. Consistent with the theories of Erikson's and Marcia's identity development, the EIS and the MEIM-R nicely depicted (a) Marcia's 4 (2 × 2) identity statuses of diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement and (b) the hierarchy of identity statuses in relation to subjective well-being as an indicator of adjustment, especially for minority students. Additionally, European American and minority students revealed differences as to the salience and importance of ethnic identity. Recommendations for using the EIS and the MEIM-R are provided.
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Research has indicated good reliability for the MEIM-R, with internal consistency (Cronbach's α) ranging from 0.76 to 0.91 for the two subscales and 0.81-0.89 for the overall scale.
“Research has indicated good reliability, with internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) ranging from 0.76 to 0.91 for the two subscales and 0.81–0.89 for the overall scale (Phinney and Ong, 2007; Yoon, 2011; Brown et al., 2014).”
From Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data (2018) · cites this paper as Yoon, 2011
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“…identity and experience priming techniques from Identity-Based Motivation theory [1,112,114], Racial-Ethnic Identity measures [28,30,39,57,124,160], and standard guidelines for experi-ential-focusing techniques [16,51,120,122,123,162] (e.g., answers for some sections asked participants to…”
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“Thus, their ethnicity/culture tend to be more salient than race to both themselves and outsiders (Cokley, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
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“Previous research indicated associations between SWB and such variables as general social connectedness, acculturation, enculturation, ethnic identity, and other ethnic group orientation (Lee et al., 2008; Yoo & Lee, 2005; Yoon, 2011; Yoon et al., 2008; Yoon et al., in press).”
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InfluentialHIV Testing Among Sexually Active Hispanic/Latino MSM in Miami-Dade County and New York City
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“The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (Yoon, 2011) was used to measure acculturation via two subscales: Ethnic Identification Search (five items; alpha = .73) and Affirmation, Belonging, and Commitment (seven items; alpha = .88).”
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“However, Yoon (2011) failed to adequately support factor loading invariance across heterogeneous samples of counselling students, and Chakawa et al. (2015) found differential functioning of one exploration item across two different ethnocultural adult community samples.”
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“Total scores on the MEIM-R have been found to be internally consistent in other adolescent populations with alpha estimates ranging from .81 to .89 (Phinney & Ong, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
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“In the last two decades, the MEIM has been steadily revised and tested (e.g., Roberts, Phinney, Masse, Chen, Roberts, & Romero, 1999; Yoon, 2011).”
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“The general reliability and validity of the MEIM-R has also been confirmed through numerous studies (Phinney & Ong, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
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“Ethnic minorities have been found to have more fully developed ethnic identities compared with Whites, and more advanced identity statuses are associated with higher reports of SWB for ethnic minorities but not for Whites (Yoon, 2011).”
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“…established the 17-item Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS; Uma~na-Taylor et al., 2004) to be a valid and reliable measure of ERI among diverse emerging adults (e.g., Brittian et al., 2013; Syed et al., 2013; Yoon, 2011), less work has examined equivalence of the measurement structure of the brief form.”
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Caqueo‐Urízar, A., Flores, J., Mena‐Chamorro, P., Alfonso Urzúa, M., & Irarrázaval, M. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105812 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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“However, for non-Hispanic White students, those in the foreclosed status reported similarly high levels of subjective well-being in comparison to students in the achieved status (Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundMeasuring Ethnic Identity in Latino Adolescents With Substance Use Disorders
Burrow‐Sánchez, J. J. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.794839 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Prior research indicates that a stronger sense of ethnic identity negatively correlates with psychological distress (Phinney, 1989; Roberts et al., 1999; Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundThe role of ethnic identity, self-concept, and aberrant salience in psychotic-like experiences.
Cicero, D. C., & Cohn, J. R. (2017) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000160 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This interaction was present for the total MEIM scores and the Exploration subscale, but not the Table 2 Mean Comparisons Across Ethnic Groups Measures White Asian Pacific Islander Multiracial Black Hispanic F 2 Aberrant salience 11.57 (8.61) 12.23 (8.41) 13.74 (8.38) 12.63 (8.01) 12.45 (8.81) 14.72 (8.46) 1.09 .001 S…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdults’ Identity in Acculturation Settings: The Multigroup Ethnic & National Identity Measure (MENI)
Maehler, D. B., Zabal, A., & Hanke, K. (2019) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2019.1641408 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Moreover, previous research has suggested that cultural identity and subjective well-being are correlated (e.g., Valle Painter, 2013; Wakefield et al., 2017; Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInterrelations of religiousness/spirituality, meaning in life, and mental health
Yoon, E., Cabirou, L. O., Hoepf, A., & Knoll, M. (2020) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2020.1712651 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“For example, search for ethnic identity was favorably related to mental health (Yoon, 2011), while vocational search was negatively related to psychological well-being (Briscoe, Henagan, Burton, & Murphy, 2012).”
BackgroundTurner, E. A., & Llamas, J. D. (2017) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000146 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Cronbach’s alpha coefficients in research with college students across ethnic groups range from .88 to .89 (Herrington, Smith, Feinauer, & Griner, 2016; Yoon, 2011).”
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Boutté, R. L., Burnette, C. B., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984211069064 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The MEIM-R yields internally consistent scores in Black (α = 0.88) undergraduates and demonstrates convergent validity with other measures of ethnic identity (Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDerlan, C. L., Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Toomey, R. B., Updegraff, K. A., Jahromi, L. B., & Flores, L. I. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12191 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“With respect to measurement, although prior work has provided support for the construct validity and reliability of the ethnic identity affirmation subscale (e.g., Supple, Ghazarian, Frabutt, Plunkett, & Sands, 2006; Yoon, 2011), and the items demonstrate face validity with respect to capturing the affective component…”
Antecedents and consequences of ethnic tourist satisfaction: the moderating role of ethnic identity
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Cross-cultural mentoring in higher education: the use of a cultural identity development model
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“…are in. Additionally, there are established ethnic identity scales (e.g. Douglass & Umaña-Taylor, 2015; Umaña-Taylor, Yazedjian, & Bámaca-Gómez, 2004; Yoon, 2011) and racial identity scales (e.g. Cross & Vandiver, 2001) that could be adapted to create a method for matching and creating ideal dyads…”
BackgroundMethodMulticultural school psychology training: An examination of students’ self‐reported course outcomes
Vega, D., Tabbah, R., & Monserrate, M. (2018) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22123 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Carrying the culture … ”: Ethnic identity development in black African adolescents
du Plessis, J., & Naudé, L. (2017) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2017.1303106 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Differences in exploration, commitment, and strength of ethnic identity between different cultural groups were also found in other studies (Adams, 2014; Low, Akande, & Hill, 2005; Roberts et al ., 1999; Yoon, 2011) .”
MethodResultDerlan, C. L., Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Updegraff, K. A., & Jahromi, L. B. (2015) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000072 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This three-part conceptualization of ERI exploration, resolution, and affirmation has been empirically supported by prior work (e.g., Yoon, 2011).”
Lara, L., & Martínez‐Molina, A. (2025) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.14140110515 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
CULTURAL FACTORS, STIGMA, STRESS, AND HELP-SEEKING ATTITUDES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Pasupuleti, R. V. (2013) · doi:10.23860/diss-pasupuleti-radhika-2013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“internal consistency was as follows (Yoon, 2011): E xploration (α=.”
BackgroundHaeny, A. M., Lopez, J., Grigas, P. A. C., Crouch, M. C., Davis, A. K., & Williams, M. T. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209035 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ettinger, A. K., Landsittel, D., Abebe, K. Z., Bey, J., Chavis, V., Navratil, J. L., Friedman, F. S., Dermody, T. S., & Miller, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.797526 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“• Influence of policy and place on child thriving, such as neighborhood-level collective efficacy (48), experiences of racism/discrimination (52, 53), access to community resources, and neighborhood safety (46).”
BackgroundTo switch or not to switch: Inviting bilingual clients to switch languages in psychotherapy
Pérez‐Rojas, A. E., Gelso, C. J., & Bhatia, A. (2013) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2013.870124 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (Phinney & Ong, 2007; Yoon, 2011) support the validity of the MEIM-R, and studies have found it to relate as expected to psychological outcomes such as self-esteem and well-being (e.g. Schwartz, Donnellan, Ravert, Luyckx, & Zamboanga, 2013).”
MethodResultMurray, M. F., Dorsaint, T., Dougherty, E. N., Wildes, J. E., & Haedt‐Matt, A. A. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101837 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social Justice Approach to Community Development
Checkoway, B. N. (2013) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2013.852148 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
““Who am I?” is an important question, and social justice makes its answer more complex (Tatum, 2012; Worthington et al., 2008; Yoon, 2012).”
BackgroundWorrell, F. C., Fhagen‐Smith, P. E., Vandiver, B. J., & Cross, W. E. (2020) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2020.1828087 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These models yield groups such as identity-foreclosed or identity-achieved (Yoon, 2011), that speak to an individual’s sense of self, and have been found to be related to psychological variables such as positive and negative affect.”
BackgroundMethodDvir, M., Abu‐Kaf, S., & Braun‐Lewensohn, O. (2023) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-023-01349-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The ethnic-identity typologies imposed the EIS factors as the resolution factor by how one perceives and accepts, and the affirmation factor by how one relates positively or negatively to the ethnic affiliated group’s attributed characteristics (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004; Meca et al., 2020; Yoon, 2011; Douglass & Umañ…”
BackgroundLateef, H. A., Gale, A., Jellesma, F., & Borgstrom, E. (2023) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-023-00680-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Its validity is supported by positive correlations with other measures of ethnic identity and self-evaluation (Yoon, 2011 ).”
Feelings About Culture Scales: Development, factor structure, reliability, and validity.
Maffini, C. S., & Wong, Y. J. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037647 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Blok, E., Lamballais, S., Benítez-Manzanas, L., & White, T. J. H. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.03.024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Factors Predicting Inter-Ethnic Friendships at the Workplace
Hashim, I. H. M., Zaharim, N. M., & Khodarahimi, S. (2012) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v6i2.100 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This measure is one of the most widely used instruments on ethnic identity (Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundAssessing psychotherapy as a western healing practice through prediction of help-seeking attitudes
Ahn, J. Y., Bedi, R. P., Choubisa, R., & Ruparel, N. (2023) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2023.2173147 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Yoon (2011) reported a Cronbach’s alpha of .88 for the Commitment sub-scale using a sample of university students, 12.5% of whom identified as Asian American/Pacific Islander.”
MethodInfluentialManning, M. A., Lucas, T., Davis, S. N., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., & Thompson, H. S. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1691725 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Other research indicates that ethnic identity is more salient and central to AAs compared to EAs and other minority groups (Avery et al., 2007; Brown et al., 2014; Kern & Grandey, 2009; Marshall & Naumann, 2018; Utsey, Chae, Brown, & Kelly, 2002; Yoon, 2011).”
Evaluación de la Escala de Identidad Étnica en adolescentes mapuche de Chile
Briceño-Olivera, C., Tereucán-Angulo, J., Galván-Cabello, M. F., & Vargas, H. M. (2020) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.18305 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“You’re Tearing Me Apart!” Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Bicultural Identity, and Mental Health
Tikhonov, A. A., Espinosa, A., Huynh, Q., Hoggard, L. S., & Anglin, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-023-01462-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The scale has demonstrated good internal consistency in research with diverse student populations [15, 38].”
BackgroundWorrell, F. C. (2020) · The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad455 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ross, B. Z., Lee, F., & Cokley, K. (2025) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984251322390 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, studies on Latine populations that only measure ethnic identity often do not re fl ect the experiences of Afro-Latine individuals who are already under-represented in studies of this nature (Hope et al., 2016; Umaña-Taylor et al., 2014).”
InfluentialLam, C. K., & Tran, A. G. T. T. (2020) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2020.1799471 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R; Phinney & Ong, 2007) is a widely-used 6-item, psychometrically-validated instrument that assesses ethnic identity across diverse minority groups (Yoon, 2011).”
MethodRowan‐Kenyon, H. T., McCready, A. M., Barone, N. I., & Alemán, A. M. M. (2021) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-021-09662-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“An overwhelming majority of researchers who have measured ethnic identity have utilized the MEIM-R or its predecessor, the MEIM developed by Phinney (1992) (e.g., Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodStructure and Measurement Invariance of Ethnic Identity for Native American College Students
Lin, L., Shi, D., Snyder, L. A., Lee, T., & Taylor, W. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01651 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Researchers (e.g., Yoon, 2011) have suggested that the salience and meaning of ethnic identity largely depends on unique historic experiences and contemporary contextual variables.”
BackgroundWasim, F. (2014) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Maehler, D. B., Bhaktha, N., Pötzschke, S., & Ramos, H. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102134 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gholamrezaei, M., Heath, N. L., Pereira, L. C., Stefano, J. D., & Böke, B. N. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2023-004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Research suggests high internal consistency among both European Americans (Cronbach’s α= .89) and minorities (Cronbach’s α= .88) and adequate construct and theoretical validity (Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundDupuis, J. B., & Beaton, A. M. (2018) · Minorités linguistiques et société · doi:10.7202/1043500ar · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Ethnic Identity Strength The ethnic identity strength of the participants was measured with the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure – Revised (MEIM-R) (Phinney & Ong, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
MethodShoemaker, H. L., Howell, K. H., Jamison, L. E., Walker, H. E., & Wamser-Nanney, R. (2022) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-d-20-00027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ethnic Identity Formation Among Students in Post-High-School Religious Gap-Year Programs in Israel
Halevy, G., & Gross, Z. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/936 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…research question, while the literature on ethnic identity development stresses its relevance mainly for ethnic minorities (Phinney & Baldelomar, 2011; Syed & Azmitia, 2009; Yoon, 2011), we found no difference between Ashkenazi students and Mizrahi students at the beginning of the academic year.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTakamasa, E. J., Fraser, A. M., & Rogers, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12978 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Archibald, C., Takamasa, E. J., Fraser, A. M., Metcalf, M. W., Rogers, A. A., & Bean, R. A. (2024) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x241266887 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This measure assesses affirmation using negatively worded items, leading some researchers to suggest that it might primarily capture negative affirmation and may not accurately gauge positive affirmation (Meca et al., 2021; Phinney & Ong, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
Allison, K. K., Meca, A., Cruz, B., Wright, A., & Veniegas, T. K. (2023) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968231214592 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For instance, Yoon (2011) examined ethnic identity statuses utilizing the EIS among a sample of college students and found that ethnic-racial minorities were more likely to be represented in statuses characterized by higher mean levels of ERI exploration and resolution than White individuals.”
BackgroundResultWu, H., Mami, B., Lu, X., & Fan, Z. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2552333 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“While many scholars conceptualise ethnicity in terms of cultural traits like language and traditions (Helms 2007), both the public and researchers frequently use ethnicity as a euphemism for race (Yoon 2011).”
Alnahari, S., Durazo, A., Brown, P., & Epperson, A. E. (2026) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x261470168 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
THE ETHNIC IDENTIFICATION OF RUSSIANS IN MONO- AND POLYETHNIC REGIONS: REPERTORY GRID ANALYSIS
Maximova, S. G., Omelchenko, D. A., & Noyanzina, O. E. (2020) · SOCIETY AND SECURITY INSIGHTS · doi:10.14258/ssi(2020)2-01 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tereucán-Angulo, J., Galván-Cabello, M. F., Briceño-Olivera, C., Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., & Higuera, A. S. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102139 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Ethnic Identity on Attitudes Towards Counseling for Italian-Americans
Dorazio, C. (2013) · doi:10.7916/d8086cn4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Previously, studies assessing the psychometric properties of the revised MEIM-R have compared samples across racial groups (Ponterotto & Taylor, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundGaines, S. O., Lefringhausen, K., Charura, D., Kangatharan, J., Singh, J., Tamimi, N., Dieu, K., Giles, D., Knap, S., Towers-Evans, H., et al. (2016) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2016.1159962 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…Ong’s (2007) MEIM-R generally yield significant positive correlations between exploration and commitment in the .70 to .80 range (e.g., Brown et al., 2014; Chakawa, Butler, & Shapiro, 2015; Phinney & Ong, 2007), although at least one study (Yoon, 2011) has yielded a correlation slightly below .70.”
BackgroundHelp‐Seeking Behaviors of African Americans After a Loss
Matthews, J. J., Fonseca, F. D., & Varnado-Johnson, C. D. (2021) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12206 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lal, K. K., & Majumdar, S. (2023) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00702-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Studies in the USA (Brown et al., 2014; Burrow-Sanchez, 2014; Chakawa et al., 2015; Yoon, 2011) as well as Canada, Italy and Bulgaria (Homma et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIdentité ethnolinguistique et bien-être mental : le cas des jeunes francophones du Manitoba
Levesque, A., Gueye, N. R., de Moissac, D., Archambault, H. L., & Rivard, É. (2022) · Alterstice Revue internationale de la recherche interculturelle · doi:10.7202/1106287ar · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…sur le bien-être mental (Forrest-Bank et Cuellar, 2018; Litam et Oh, 2020; Neblett, Rivas-Drake et Umaña-Taylor, 2012; Outten, Schmitt, Garcia et Branscombe, 2009; Phinney et Haas, 2003; Quintana, 2007; Romero et Roberts, 2003; Umaña-Taylor, 2004; Umaña-Taylor et Updegraff, 2007; Yoon, 2011).”
Why Can't We Sleep? Impact of Race and Social Status on Sleep in CollegePreprint
Silva-Jones, J. R. (2019) · doi:10.28971/142019sj90 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Consistent with Erikson’s theory of social identity, affirmation is separated from resolution allowing for the development of racial identity for people of color to progress through stages of exploration, affirmation, and resolution (Yoon, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialEthnic identity formation among post-high-school religious mechina gap-year programs in IsraelPreprint
Gross, Z., & Halevy, G. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-508945/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…research question, while the literature on ethnic identity development stresses its relevance mainly for ethnic minorities (Phinney & Baldelomar, 2011; Syed & Azmitia, 2009; Yoon, 2011), we found no difference between Ashkenazi students and Mizrachi students at the beginning of the academic year.”
BackgroundBrief Report: Reconsideration Of Acculturative Experiences Among Chinese Immigrants
Lee, K. C. (2015) · Graduate Student Journal of Psychology · doi:10.52214/gsjp.v16i.10904 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although the original model was criticized for using mostly Caucasian males in the theory deduction (Josselson, 1989), a number of contemporary researchers and practitioners found that Erikson’s model could be applied with diverse populations (e.g. Kropf & Greene, 2009; Yoon, 2011).”
Lateef, H. A., & Boahen-Boaten, B. B. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2396031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Its validity was supported by positive correlations with other measures of ethnic identity and self-evaluation (Yoon, 2011).”
Demlie, D., & Adal, T. A. (2025) · Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.2478/rjap-2025-0004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ho, P. S. K., Li, J., Yao, Y., Tang, X., & Duan, J. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251399951 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Identity status was determined using latent pro fi le analysis (LPA) based on participants ’ responses to the 6-item Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R; Yoon, 2011).”
D'Anna‐Hernandez, K., Elsner, J. N., & Romero, D. R. (2026) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/15381927251410062 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“All items were summed to determine the strength of the ethnic identity, similar to other studies (Bergeron-Germain et al., 2024; Portillo et al., 2022; Yoon, 2011).”
Understanding youth identity in a leadership context: providing a voice for Somali youth
Sheikh, K. N. (2013) · J. Willard Marriott Library · doi:10.26053/0h-axsd-b900 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yoon, E.
- Affiliations
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yoon, Eunju
- ORCID
- Yoon, Eunju
- Venue
- Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 144-155
- ISSN
- 1077-341X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0106
- 1099-9809
- OpenAlex
- W2012493036
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 32.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- ethnic identity, identity construction, counseling students, minority students, European American students, subjective well-being, psychometric validation, identity exploration, identity commitment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, California, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Data Collection, Ethnicity, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Identification, Students, Universities, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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