Higher-order model of resilience in the Canadian forces.
Abstract
Psychological resilience is an important construct for those who work in high-stress, potentiallytraumatic occupations. Using data collected as part of the Canadian Forces (CF) Recruit HealthQuestionnaire (RHQ), structural equation modelling analyses were performed to test the fit of amodel of resilience comprised of several intrapersonal resilience factors (i.e., Big Five personalitytraits, dispositional affect, dispositional optimism, hardiness, mastery, self-esteem) and one inter-personal resilience factor (i.e., social support). An initial model showed that all lower-orderintrapersonal variables loaded significantly onto a higher-order intrapersonal resilience latent factor,and that this factor was significantly correlated with social support. However, the strong intercor-relations between a few of the intrapersonal variables pointed to some redundancy. Based onempirical data and on a conceptual analysis, an alternative, more parsimonious model of resiliencewas developed. This model consisted of the Big Five personality traits, positive affect, and masteryas lower-order factors of dispositional resilience, which was hypothesised to be correlated withsocial support. This analysis is an important first step to developing an approach to conceptualiseand measure resilience. One benefit of being able to assess resilience is that doing so can inform thedevelopment of programs to enhance mental health, readiness and recovery. However, more researchis needed to understand the processes through which these psychological factors influence occupa-tional as well as health outcomes before relevant policies may be developed.Keywords: psychological resilience, hardiness, mastery, military psychology
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Canadian studies of resilience in MMs have independently and not always cohesively explored constructs including personality, positive affect, mastery, social support, neuroticism, military hardiness, problem-solving coping, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and positive social interactions.
“the Canadian studies of resilience in MMs have independently and not always cohesively explored the constructs of personality, positive affect, mastery, and social support [53]; neuroticism, military hardiness, and problem-solving coping [54]; and conscientiousness, emotional stability, and positive social interactions [55].”
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Are we still indomitable? Homo Invictus fifteen years later.
Suedfeld, P. (2012) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0026045 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Revisión de programas de resiliencia basados en la evidencia en los ejércitos
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Lamp, K. E. (2013) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Collette, A., & Ungar, M. T. (2020) · European Family Therapy Association series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36560-8_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Challenges of resilience training for military personnel in the Lithuanian Armed Forces
Prakapienė, D., & Kazlauskaitė-Markelienė, R. (2024) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.50 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Spousal Psychological Health: The Role of Military Spouse Health and Protective Factors
Skomorovsky, A., Chamberland, J. A., & Wan, C. (2022) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2022.2067920 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sambu, L. (2015) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Epstein, R., Godoy, S., Wang, N., & Newland, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-30555-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
STRESS MANAGEMENT IN THE ARMED FORCES
Commandant, P. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
To Bend but Not Break: Adult Views on Resilience
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Suicide among the Armed Forces: Understanding the Cost of Service
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Sumuob, R. J., & Maghuyop, R. B. (2020) · University of Mindanao International Multidisciplinary Research Journal · doi:10.55990/umimrj.v5i1.511 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Çalışan Dayanıklılığı; Örgütsel Adalet ve Örgütsel Güvenin Önemi
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Psychosocial Predictors of Resilience in a Military Sample
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Dispositional Resilience and Person-Environment Fit as Predictors of College Student Retention
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Which Resilience Competencies Count Most? Analysis of Data from a New Online QuestionnairePreprint
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- Authors
- Lee, J. E. C., Sudom, K. A., & McCreary, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Department of National Defence (CA)
- Defence Research and Development Canada (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 222-234
- ISSN
- 0008-400X (ISSN-L)
- 1879-2669
- OpenAlex
- W2003469146
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of National Defence
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- psychological resilience, dispositional resilience, Big Five personality traits, positive affect, dispositional optimism, hardiness, mastery, self-esteem, social support, Canadian Armed Forces, military recruits, occupational stress, mental health
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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