Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between mindfulness, other resilience resources, and several measures of health in 124 urban firefighters. METHOD: Participants completed health measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems and measures of resilience resources including mindfulness, optimism, personal mastery, and social support. The Mindful Awareness and Attention Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003) was used to assess mindfulness. Participants also completed measures of firefighter stress, number of calls, and years as a firefighter as control variables. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted with the health measures as the dependent variables with 3 levels of independent variables: (a) demographic characteristics, (b) firefighter variables, and (c) resilience resources. RESULTS: The results showed that mindfulness was associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems when controlling for the other study variables. Personal mastery and social support were also related to fewer depressive symptoms, firefighter stress was related to more PTSD symptoms and alcohol problems, and years as a firefighter were related to fewer alcohol problems. CONCLUSIONS: Mindfulness may be important to consider and include in models of stress, coping, and resilience in firefighters. Future studies should examine the prospective relationship between mindfulness and health in firefighters and others in high-stress occupations.
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Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness promote resilient outcomes by maintaining engagement with distressing emotions, and thereby blocking avoidant tendencies and the formation of negative cognitions.
“Specifically, experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness are assumed to promote resilient outcomes by maintaining engagement with distressing emotions, and, thereby, blocking avoidant tendencies and the formation of negative cognitions (Smith et al., 2011).”
From Experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness as predictors of analogue post‐traumatic stress. (2018) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 2011
Higher trait-mindfulness is related to lower PTS severity in urban firefighters.
“Smith et al. (2011) found higher trait-mindfulnessassessed with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003) to be related with lower PTS severity in urban firefighters.”
From Experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness as predictors of analogue post‐traumatic stress. (2018) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 2011
Among firefighters, research has demonstrated consistent negative associations between mindfulness and PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, suicide ideation, and alcohol use problems.
“Among firefighters, research has demonstrated consistent negative associations between mindfulness and PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, suicide ideation, and alcohol use problems [12,13].”
From Mindful attention training workshop for firefighters: Design and methodology of a pilot randomized clinical trial (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Post-traumatic stress disorder was covered by one paper, which found that dispositional mindfulness was associated with fewer PTSD symptoms in a sample of urban fire fighters.
“post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was covered by one paper (Smith et al. 2011), finding that DM was associated with fewer PTSD symptoms in a sample of urban fire fighters.”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Smith et al. 2011
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- Authors
- Smith, B. W., Ortiz, J. A., Steffen, L. E., Tooley, E. M., Wiggins, K. T., Yeater, E. A., Montoya, J. D., & Bernard, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of North Texas (US)
- Sandia National Laboratories (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 613-617
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2093959059
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Roger Williams University - Digital Commons (Roger Williams University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- .Sandia National Laboratories/University of New Mexico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- mindfulness, firefighters, post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive symptoms, somatic symptoms, alcohol problems, resilience, personal mastery, social support, optimism, occupational stress, high-stress occupations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcoholism, Attention, Awareness, Depression, Humans, Male, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Urban Population, Workload, Resilience, Psychological, Firefighters
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