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Cited by 25Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness as predictors of analogue post‐traumatic stress.

Open access
Boelen, Paul A., Lenferink, Lonneke I. M.·2018·Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice
DOI 10.1111/papt.12138
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Objectives: Experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness are associated with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events. This study was a preliminary attempt to examine (1) associations of experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness with post‐traumatic stress (PTS) associated with negative, but not necessarily traumatizing, life events (‘analogue’ PTS), (2) the role of these variables in the context of neuroticism as well as worry and rumination – two other regulatory strategies associated with PTS, and (3) the impact of pre‐trauma tendencies towards experiential acceptance and mindfulness on analogue PTS. Design: Data were obtained from two distinct student samples. A first sample provided cross‐sectional data. In a second sample, indices of acceptance, mindfulness, neuroticism, worry, and rumination were tapped at inclusion into the study, and analogue PTS and confrontation with stressful life events were subsequently assessed 1 year later. Results: In the cross‐sectional sample, higher acceptance and mindfulness were associated with lower analogue PTS, even when controlling for neuroticism, worry, and rumination. In the prospective sample, pre‐trauma mindfulness (but not experiential acceptance, neuroticism, worry, and rumination) assessed at baseline predicted levels of analogue PTS 1 year later. Conclusions: Findings suggest that experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness are incrementally related to PTS beyond neuroticism, worry, and rumination and that pre‐trauma trait‐mindfulness may be a resilience factor protecting against severe PTS. Practitioner points: We examined associations of experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness with post‐traumatic stress (PTS) associated with negative life events (‘analogue’ PTS). Experiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness were associated with concurrent analogue PTS, over and above neuroticism, worry, and rumination. Pre‐trauma trait‐mindfulness (but not pre‐trauma experiential acceptance) significantly predicted analogue PTS in prospective analyses. Enhancing mindfulness skills could be a useful tool to reduce the risk of PTS in trauma‐exposed samples.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study examined whether experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness predict post-traumatic stress tied to negative life events in two student samples. Both constructs were related to concurrent analogue PTS beyond neuroticism, worry, and rumination, but only pre-trauma trait-mindfulness predicted analogue PTS one year later.

Key findings

  • In the cross-sectional sample (N = 314), experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness each explained unique variance in analogue PTS after age, gender, neuroticism, worry, and rumination were controlled; the final model accounted for 31.4% of the variance, with acceptance and mindfulness adding 4.6% (F(7, 311) = 19.85, p < .001).
  • In the prospective sample (N = 205), baseline trait-mindfulness—but not baseline experiential acceptance, neuroticism, worry, or rumination—uniquely predicted analogue PTS one year later; the final model explained 18.6% of the variance, with acceptance and mindfulness adding 2.2% (F(7, 204) = 6.41, p < .001).
  • Acceptance and mindfulness were only moderately correlated (r = .32 cross-sectionally; r = .31 prospectively), indicating related but non-overlapping constructs.
  • Mean PSS-SR scores were 9.8 (SD = 7.2) in the cross-sectional sample and 9.6 (SD = 7.3) in the prospective sample; probable PTSD prevalence was 5.1% and 5.9%, respectively.

Methods

  • Two non-overlapping student samples from Utrecht University were drawn from an internet survey: a cross-sectional sample of 314 students (mean age 21.8 years; 87.6% women) with complete Time 1 data but no Time 2 data, and a prospective sample of 205 students (mean age 21.3 years; 90.2% women) with complete data at Time 1 and one year later.
  • Measures included the AAQ-9 for experiential acceptance, MAAS for trait-mindfulness, PSWQ-A for worry, RRS Brooding for rumination, EPQ-R-N for neuroticism, the Life Events Scale, and the PSS-SR for analogue PTS.
  • Hierarchical regression models entered age and gender first, then neuroticism, worry, and rumination, then experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness; exploratory models used PTS symptom clusters as outcomes.

Limitations

  • The authors state that the student samples mostly experienced mild stressors and low-to-moderate PTS, so findings are preliminary and may not generalize to more severe trauma or clinical PTSD; they also note that the prospective design did not control for baseline PTS, all data were self-report, the PSS-SR used DSM-IV criteria, the AAQ-9 had low internal consistency (α = .67 cross-sectional, .60 prospective), the acceptance and mindfulness measures were limited operationalizations, and no Bonferroni correction was applied, with effects being relatively small.
  • Evident from the text: the two samples were selected based on whether participants had complete Time 2 data, which may introduce selection differences beyond those reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/papt.12138

Cites

40 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 2 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

6 of 36 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Higher mindfulness is associated with lower PTS in trauma-exposed community members.

    “and trauma-exposed community members (Vujanovic, Youngwirth, Johnson, & Zvolensky, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vujanovic, Youngwirth, Johnson, & Zvolensky, 2009 source
  • Premisecitation

    Rumination is associated with PTS.

    “Worry and rumination are regulatory strategies which have been found to be associated with PTS in prior research (Ehring, Frank, & Ehlers, 2008;Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, van Hemert, & Elzinga, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ehring, Frank, & Ehlers, 2008 source
    • cites Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, van Hemert, & Elzinga, 2015 source
  • Premisecitation

    Worry is associated with PTS.

    “Worry and rumination are regulatory strategies which have been found to be associated with PTS in prior research (Ehring, Frank, & Ehlers, 2008;Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, van Hemert, & Elzinga, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ehring, Frank, & Ehlers, 2008 source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that trauma-related rumination was significantly correlated with PTSD symptom severity and predicted later symptoms. It discusses worry as a related but distinct form of thinking; it does not report that worry itself was associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, van Hemert, & Elzinga, 2015 source
  • Premisecitation

    The problem of low internal consistency of the AAQ-9 also emerged during the development of the AAQ-9 and in other studies using the AAQ-9.

    “This problem also emerged during the development of the AAQ-9 (Hayes et al., 2004) and in other studies using the AAQ-9 (Bond et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hayes et al., 2004 source
    • cites Bond et al., 2011 source

      In “The Achilles heel of the AAQ-I: Comprehension and reliability” (page unavailable), Bond et al. say internal consistency was often a problem in subsequent studies, with alpha levels sometimes below the early validation study’s .70. They discuss the AAQ-I generally, however, and note that it had both 9- and 16-item versions; they do not establish that the subsequent low alphas specifically came from studies using the AAQ-9. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    In the cross-sectional sample, higher acceptance and mindfulness were associated with lower analogue PTS, even when controlling for neuroticism, worry, and rumination.

    “In the cross-sectional sample, higher acceptance and mindfulness were associated with lower analogue PTS, even when controlling for neuroticism, worry, and rumination.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness were associated with concurrent analogue PTS, over and above neuroticism, worry, and rumination.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27
  • May combine two claims. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    These findings accord with prior evidence that acceptance and mindfulness affect PTS (Smith et al., 2011; Vujanovic et al., 2009).

    “These findings accord with prior evidence that acceptance and mindfulness affect PTS (e.g., Smith et al., 2011;Vujanovic et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Smith et al., 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Vujanovic et al., 2009 source

      The Discussion reports associations between mindfulness-based acceptance and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed adults without Axis I psychopathology. It also states that the study's cross-sectional, correlational design does not permit causal conclusions, so it does not establish that acceptance and mindfulness affect those symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    These findings accord with prior evidence (Breslau & Schultz, 2013; Ehring et al., 2008; Spinhoven et al., 2015).

    “These findings accord with prior evidence (e.g., Breslau & Schultz, 2013;Ehring et al., 2008;Spinhoven et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Breslau & Schultz, 2013 source
    • cites Ehring et al., 2008 source

      The Results (Self-report rumination measures) report associations between rumination and PTSD and depression symptoms, and the Method (Participants) reports comorbidity. But the citing sentence does not say what “these findings” are, so it is not possible to determine whether they accord with the evidence in this paper. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Spinhoven et al., 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The prevalence of probable PTSD was 5.1% in the cross-sectional sample.

    “The prevalence of probable PTSD was 5.1% in the crosssectional sample”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The prospective sample's mean PSS-SR score was significantly lower than Engelhard et al.'s clinical sample.

    “and lower compared to their clinical sample, t(204) = À33.92,p < .001.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Engelhard et al. (2007) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The final model was significant, F(7, 311) = 19.85, p < .001, and explained 31.4% of the variance in analogue PTS.

    “The final model was significant, F(7, 311) = 19.85,p < .001,and explained 31.4% of the variance in analogue PTS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Acceptance and mindfulness correlated r = .32 in the cross-sectional sample and r = .31 in the prospective sample.

    “Correlations between acceptance and mindfulness in the crosssectional and prospective samples were r = .32and r = .31,respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In both samples, the most common negative life events were mental or physical illness of others, relationship break-up, serious interpersonal conflict, and miscellaneous events.

    “Both in the cross-sectional sample (N = 314) and the prospective sample (N = 205), the most common events were mental or physical illness of others, relationship break-up, serious interpersonal conflict, and miscellaneous events (e.g., death of family member).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The prospective sample's mean PSS-SR score was significantly higher than Engelhard et al.'s student sample.

    “this score was also higher compared to the score of Engelhard et al.'s student sample, t(204) = 13.88,p < .001”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Engelhard et al. (2007) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the cross-sectional sample, the mean PSS-SR total score was 9.8 (SD = 7.2).

    “The total score on the PSS-SR in the cross-sectional sample was M = 9.8 (SD = 7.2);”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the prospective sample, the mean PSS-SR total score was 9.6 (SD = 7.3).

    “The mean PSS-SR in the prospective sample was M = 9.6 (SD = 7.3);”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The final model predicting analogue PTS at T2 was significant, F(7, 204) = 6.41, p < .001, predicting 18.6% of the variance.

    “The final model was significant, F(7, 204) = 6.41, p < .001,predicting 18.6% of the variance in analogue PTS at T2;”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premiseown data

    Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events.

    “Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Thompson et al., 2011 source
    • cites Vujanovic et al., 2016 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness promote resilient outcomes by maintaining engagement with distressing emotions, and thereby blocking avoidant tendencies and the formation of negative cognitions.

    “Specifically, experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness are assumed to promote resilient outcomes by maintaining engagement with distressing emotions, and, thereby, blocking avoidant tendencies and the formation of negative cognitions (Smith et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    None of the variables assessed demonstrated unacceptable levels of skewness or kurtosis.

    “None of the variables assessed demonstrated unacceptable levels of skewness or kurtosis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Acceptance and mindfulness are related, yet not fully overlapping constructs.

    “confirming that they are related, yet not fully overlapping constructs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The cross-sectional and prospective samples were distinct; none of the participants were included in both samples.

    “As noted, the cross-sectional and prospective samples were distinct samples; none of the participants were included in both samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistency (alpha) of the EPQ-R-N was .76 in the cross-sectional sample and .78 in the prospective sample.

    “The a's were .76 and .78 in the cross-sectional and prospective samples, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistency (alpha) of the AAQ-9 was .67 in the cross-sectional sample and .60 in the prospective sample.

    “The internal consistencies (a's) in the cross-sectional and prospective sample were .67 and .60,respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Neuroticism is a critical risk factor for PTS following traumatic events.

    “There is evidence from prospective studies that it is a critical risk factor for PTS following traumatic events (Breslau & Schultz, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Breslau & Schultz, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Neuroticism is associated with an increased liability for internalizing disorders.

    “Neuroticism refers to the predisposition to experience negative emotions and is associated with an increased liability for internalizing disorders (Kendler & Prescott, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kendler & Prescott, 2006

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistency (alpha) of the PSWQ-A was .92 in the cross-sectional sample and .93 in the prospective sample.

    “Internal consistencies in the cross-sectional and prospective sample were .92and .93,respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistency (alpha) of the RRS Brooding scale was .75 in the cross-sectional sample and .76 in the prospective sample.

    “The a's were .75 and .76 in the crosssectional and prospective sample, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistency (alpha) of the MAAS was .89 in the cross-sectional sample and .88 in the prospective sample.

    “Internal consistencies (a's) were .89and .88 in the cross-sectional and prospective sample, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Given that hyperarousal may also reflect general distress more than distress specifically linked with the negative life event, findings could also reflect an association between elevated mindfulness and lower levels of such distress.

    “That said, given that hyperarousal may also reflect general distress more than distress specifically linked with the negative life event, findings could also reflect an association between elevated mindfulness and lower levels of such distress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of self-report measures may have inflated correlations between variables.

    “This may have inflated correlations between variables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The findings underline the usefulness of including interventions improving mindfulness skills in the treatment of PTS.

    “For instance, the findings underline the usefulness of including interventions improving mindfulness skills in the treatment of PTS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is increasing evidence that mindfulness interventions are useful for PTS.

    “There is increasing evidence that these interventions are indeed useful (Owens et al., 2012;Vujanovic et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Owens et al., 2012 source
    • cites Vujanovic et al., 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The findings have clinical implications, provided that they are replicated in more severely traumatized samples.

    “These findings have clinical implications, provided that they are replicated in more severely traumatized samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data were obtained from students, most of whom were exposed to relatively mild stressful life events.

    “First and foremost, data were obtained from students, most of whom were exposed to relatively mild stressful life events.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The AAQ and MAAS offer limited operationalizations of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness.

    “Sixth, the AAQ and MAAS offer limited operationalizations of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Acceptance and mindfulness are related but largely non-overlapping concepts.

    “Correlations between acceptance and mindfulness were moderate indicating that these are related but largely non-overlapping concepts (Thompson et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thompson et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The theoretical and clinical significance of the associations of trait-mindfulness and acceptance with PTS warrants further scrutiny.

    “however, associations of trait-mindfulness and acceptance with PTS were relatively small and, consequently, the theoretical and clinical significance of these associations warrants further scrutiny.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All data were gathered using self-report measures.

    “Third, all data were gathered using self-report measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These findings suggest that a greater awareness of, and openness to, current emotional experiences (implicated in elevated trait-mindfulness) play a more significant role in alleviating distress following negative life events than refraining from cognitive and behavioural control attempts (implicated in elevated experiential avoidance).

    “These findings suggest that a greater awareness of, and openness to, current emotional experiences (implicated in elevated trait-mindfulness) play a more significant role in alleviating distress following negative life events than refraining from cognitive and behavioural control attempts (implicated in elevated experiential avoidance).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The authors did not use Bonferroni corrections to control for type I errors in their regression analyses.

    “Finally, given the paucity of research exploring mindfulness and acceptance following stressful life events, we did not want to reduce statistical power to detect informative effects and, therefore, did not use Bonferonni corrections to control for type I errors in our regression analyses (see also Gelman, Hill, & Yajima, 2012);”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gelman, Hill, & Yajima, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used a measure of DSM-IV-based criteria for PTS.

    “Fourth, we used a measure of DSM-IV-based criteria for PTS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The present study indicates that both experiential avoidance and trait-mindfulness are incrementally related to analogue PTS beyond neuroticism, worry, and rumination.

    “Notwithstanding these considerations, the present study is important in indicating that both experiential avoidance and trait-mindfulness are incrementally related to analogue PTS beyond neuroticism, worry, and rumination and that pre-trauma mindfulness is a resilience factor protecting against PTS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The negative life events reported by participants are the index events that caused their analogue PTS symptoms.
    • Rests on an assumption: The T1 measures of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness reflect pre-trauma levels for the life events occurring after T1.
37 of 37

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    PTS symptoms associated with negative but not necessarily traumatizing life events can be meaningfully studied as 'analogue PTS'.

    “We collected data from students, most of whom were expected not to be confronted with traumatic events as defined in formal PTSD criteria (APA, 2000(APA, , 2013)).Therefore, we felt that the PTS symptoms assessed were best referred to as symptoms of 'analogue PTS'.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The negative life events reported by participants are the index events that caused their analogue PTS symptoms.

    “the linkage of pre-trauma levels of experiential acceptance and traitmindfulness with analogue PTS associated with life events occurring after the assessment of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The T1 measures of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness reflect pre-trauma levels for the life events occurring after T1.

    “the linkage of pre-trauma levels of experiential acceptance and traitmindfulness with analogue PTS associated with life events occurring after the assessment of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness.”
3 of 3

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(313) = 18.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(313) = 18.14, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(313) = -42.4reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(313) = À42.40,p < .001”

  • Consistentt(204) = 13.88reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(204) = 13.88,p < .001”

  • Consistentt(204) = -33.92reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(204) = À33.92,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 311) = 19.85reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 311) = 19.85,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 311) = 7.77reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 311) = 7.77, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 311) = 13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 311) = 13.0,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 311) = 21.84reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 311) = 21.84,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 204) = 4.09reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 204) = 4.09, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 204) = 4.15reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 204) = 4.15, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 204) = 7.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 204) = 7.21, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 204) = 6.41reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 204) = 6.41, p < .001”

12 of 12

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Prospective academic-problem index percentage is incorrect

    Minor

    Eight participants out of 205 represent 3.9%, not the reported 3.4%.

    Reported 3.4 · recomputed 3.902439

  • Prospective academic-problem endorsement percentage is incorrect

    Minor

    Six participants out of the prospective sample of 205 represent 2.9%, not the reported 1.9%.

    Reported 1.9 · recomputed 2.926829

  • Prospective academic-problem index events exceed endorsements

    Minor

    In the prospective sample, eight participants selected academic problems as their worst event, but only six reported encountering academic problems at all.

  • Mental illness is selected as an index event more often than it is endorsed

    Minor

    In both samples, more participants selected mental illness of self as their worst encountered event than reported ever encountering it: 15 versus 14 and 13 versus 12. An index event must be among the events a respondent encountered.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Sanderman R., 1995, Het meten van persoonlijkheidskenmerken met de Eysenck‐Personality‐Questionnaire (EPQ), een handleiding [Manual for the Dutch version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire]
  2. Schroevers M., 2008, Validatie van de Nederlandstalige versie van de Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) [Validation of the Dutch Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)], Gedragstherapie, 41, 224

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M.
Affiliations
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author
Boelen, Paul A.
ORCID
Venue
Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-07-14
Volume
91
Issue
1
Pages
1-14
ISSN
  • 1476-0835 (ISSN-L)
  • 2044-8341
DOI
10.1111/papt.12138
OpenAlex
W2624788383
Cited by
24
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
FWCI
3.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
experiential acceptance, trait mindfulness, post-traumatic stress, neuroticism, worry, rumination, resilience, negative life events, trauma exposure
MeSH terms
Rumination, Cognitive, Neuroticism, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Young Adult, Mindfulness

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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