Cited by 1,331Personality Traits and PsychologyJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorWorkplace Violence and Bullying

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A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

O'Boyle, Ernest H., Forsyth, Donelson R., Banks, George C., McDaniel, Michael A.·2012·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0025679

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Abstract

We reviewed studies of the Dark Triad (DT) personality traits--Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-and meta-analytically examined their implications for job performance and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Relations among the DT traits and behaviors were extracted from original reports published between 1951 and 2011 of 245 independent samples (N = 43,907). We found that reductions in the quality of job performance were consistently associated with increases in Machiavellianism and psychopathy and that CWB was associated with increases in all 3 components of the DT, but that these associations were moderated by such contextual factors as authority and culture. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the DT explains moderate amounts of the variance in counterproductivity, but not job performance. The results showed that the 3 traits are positively related to one another but are sufficiently distinctive to warrant theoretical and empirical partitioning.

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“Specifically, we assessed the Big Five and impulsivity to maintain some continuity and added novel investigations of social dysfunction (Lawton, 2014), and workplace behavior (O’Boyle et al., 2012), which were chosen because the Dark Triad should evidence differential patterns of correlations.”
When Darkness Dims the Social Light: The Dark Triad and Prosociality in Latin America
Jahanshahi, A. A., Kickul, J. R., Brownell, K. M., Schmitt, V. G. H., Mendoza, M. I. R., Fernandez-Telleria, B., da Costa, P. R., Campos-García, X., Ibarra, V. G., Núñez, J. G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-06221-4 · Cited by 1
“These traits are interrelated, but each reflects unique cognitive and emotional tendencies (O’Boyle et al., 2012) that may shape individuals’ engagement with prosociality for distinct reasons, as we detail below.”
‘The Dark Side of Ethical Leadership’: How Machiavellianism and Moral Licensing Encourage Knowledge Hiding?
Madan, P., Bamel, U. K., Mendiratta, A., & Mohapatra, M. (2026) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/09721509251404238 · Cited by 1
CEO personality: Charting the purpose, boundaries, and future of the literature
Borgholthaus, C. J., Harms, P. D., White, J. V., Villalpando, D., & Bourgoin, A. (2026) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.70068 · Cited by 1
The relationship between socially aversive personality of project managers and project performance: Evidence from the UAE
Naqbi, K. K. M. A., Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M., Higgs, M. J., Williams, T., Dweiri, F. T., Al-Mhdawi, M. K. S., & Alakashee, B. A. (2026) · Project Leadership and Society · doi:10.1016/j.plas.2026.100216 · Cited by 1
Moderators and mediators in the relationship between Dark Triad traits and organizational outcomes: a systematic literature review
Czopek, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2026.1731150 · Cited by 2
Toxic traits at work: how perceived coworker dark triad behaviours deplete resources and fuel burnout
Woodard, C. C., Toteva, I. T., Sockbeson, C. S., & Shaw, J. C. (2026) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-11-2025-6210 · Cited by 1
When psychopathy becomes organisationally harmful: a conditional process model of psychological entitlement and organisational identification
KÜRÜ, S. A. (2026) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-02-2026-6502 · Cited by 1
Hidden Traits, Visible Reaction? Ability to Identify Criteria and Reactions to an Implicit Test of Workplace Psychopathy
Cook, R., Roulin, N., & Houson, B. (2026) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000393 · Cited by 1
The relationship between work overload, narcissism, and work engagement in Korean firms: the moderated mediation of autonomy, grit, and stress
Seo, S. H., Keane, A., & Cho, D. (2026) · Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-08-2025-0374 · Cited by 1
Diversity Kompetenz, soziale Verantwortung und Führungspersönlichkeit
Genkova, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08594-0_51 · Cited by 1
Psychological Contributions to Competition Law Compliance
Paruzel, A., Steinmann, B., Nübold, A., Ötting, S. K., & Maier, G. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44633-2_11 · Cited by 1
Are Wall Street Wolves Actually High Sales Performers?
Woodside, G. A., Crotts, J. C., Zlatevska, N., & Aziz, A. (2017) · Asian Journal of Business Research · doi:10.14707/ajbr.170030 · Cited by 1
“A recent meta-analysis (O’Boyle et al. 2012) on this relationship indicates no strong linear association exists between the two constructs; with prior literature reviews supporting this perspective: “Machiavellianism … does not consistently lead to real-world success.”
Die dunkle Triade der Persönlichkeit
Externbrink, K., & Keil, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17239-8_2 · Cited by 1
A LOOK AT THE TRAITS OF DARK TRIAD AND THE CULTURAL VALUES OF ACCOUNTING STUDENTS
D’Souza, M. F., & de Lima, G. A. S. F. (2019) · Advances in Scientific and Applied Accounting · doi:10.14392/asaa.2019120110 · Cited by 1
“…possuam características comuns e estarem moderadamente correlacionados positivamente, são constructos conceitualmente distintos (Paulhus & Williams, 2002; Jones & Paulhus, 2014), fato que justifica a separação teórica e empírica, para os estudos que abordam essa temática (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick
Kanning, U. P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59386-8_8 · Cited by 1
Karanlık Üçlünün Dönüşümsel, Etkileşimsel ve Serbest Bırakıcı Liderlik Tarzları Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi
Ekizler, H., & BOLELLİ, M. (2020) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.780707 · Cited by 1
Effects of Honesty Test using Situational Judgment Test Format on Task Performance and counterproductive work behavior
Kwon, E., & Lee, J. (2021) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/kjiop.v34i3.541-561 · Cited by 1
Light Triad Personality: Suatu Pendekatan Positif Kepribadian Manusia serta Hubungannya dengan Harga Diri
Triman, A., & Zain, A. T. (2021) · Journal Psikogenesis · doi:10.24854/jps.v9i1.1574 · Cited by 1
Aktuelle Befunde
Externbrink, K., & Keil, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17239-8_6 · Cited by 1
Genetics of Personality
Sallis, H., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.024 · Cited by 1
Self-Regulation and Control in Personality Functioning
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.029 · Cited by 1
Interventionen
Externbrink, K., & Keil, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17239-8_7 · Cited by 1
How to Define and Measure the Dark Side in Business
Brummel, B. J., & Osborn, S. A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197552759.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Do You Face a Dark Triad Leader at Your Organization? A Descriptive Study on the Educational Sectors in the UAE
Parameswaran, H., & Elsawy, M. M. (2022) · Archives of Business Research · doi:10.14738/abr.105.12312 · Cited by 1
HEXACO Personality
Visser, B. A., & Doyle, L. A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197552759.003.0005 · Cited by 1
A Mad Max World or What About Morality? Moral Identity and Subjective Well-Being in Indonesia
Garcia, D., & Adrianson, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24220-5_6 · Cited by 1

Authors: O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Richmond (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID: Forsyth, Donelson R.
Banks, George C.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-05
Volume: 97
Issue: 3
Pages: 557-579
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/a0025679
OpenAlex: W2005207520
Cited by: 1,331
References: 250
Citations by year: 2026: 94 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, employee performance, counterproductive work behavior, social exchange theory, workplace authority, organizational culture, personality traits
MeSH terms: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Employee Discipline, Employment, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Machiavellianism, Narcissism

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A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

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