Cited by 1,331Personality Traits and PsychologyJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorWorkplace Violence and Bullying

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 252 of the 252 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

O'Boyle, Ernest H., Forsyth, Donelson R., Banks, George C., McDaniel, Michael A.·2012·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0025679

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We reviewed studies of the Dark Triad (DT) personality traits--Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-and meta-analytically examined their implications for job performance and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Relations among the DT traits and behaviors were extracted from original reports published between 1951 and 2011 of 245 independent samples (N = 43,907). We found that reductions in the quality of job performance were consistently associated with increases in Machiavellianism and psychopathy and that CWB was associated with increases in all 3 components of the DT, but that these associations were moderated by such contextual factors as authority and culture. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the DT explains moderate amounts of the variance in counterproductivity, but not job performance. The results showed that the 3 traits are positively related to one another but are sufficiently distinctive to warrant theoretical and empirical partitioning.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0025679

Cites

252 of 252 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206305279602 · Cited by 10,068
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
The Social Psychology of Groups
Kenkel, W. F., Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709294 · Cited by 5,899
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6 · Cited by 5,265
Buchbesprechungen
Pundt, A. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089.50.3.167 · Cited by 3,747

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 250 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,000

The Dark Triad and social behavior: The influence of self-construal and power distance
Robertson, S. A., Datu, J. A. D., Brawley, A. M., Pury, C. L. S., & Mateo, N. J. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.090 · Cited by 30
Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Short Dark Triad(SD3-J)
Shimotsukasa, T., & Oshio, A. (2017) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.26.1.2 · Cited by 30
Excising the “surgeon ego” to accelerate progress in the culture of surgery
Myers, C. G., Lu‐Myers, Y., & Ghaferi, A. A. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4537 · Cited by 30
Development and Validation of the Super-Short Form of the Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory (FFMI-SSF)
Du, T. V., Collison, K. L., Vize, C. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1878525 · Cited by 30
“…narcissism, and Machiavellianism, that are associated with aversive interpersonal functioning, and have been studied across a variety of specialties, including social, I/O, and clinical psychology (e.g., DeShong et al., 2015; Forsyth et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2010; Veselka et al., 2010).”
Background
The Taming of Machiavellians: Differentiated Transformational Leadership Effects on Machiavellians’ Organizational Commitment and Citizenship Behavior
Koo, B., & Lee, E. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04788-2 · Cited by 30
The self-concepts of people with Dark Triad traits tend to be weaker, less clearly defined, and more state-related
Doerfler, S. M., Tajmirriyahi, M., Ickes, W. J., & Jonason, P. K. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110977 · Cited by 33
“The overt social-behavioral manifestations of Dark Triad traits are characterized by shared components such as deceitfulness, self-promotion, and manipulation (e.g., Forsyth, Banks, & McDaniel, 2012; Vernon, Villani, Vickers, & Harris, 2008).”
Background
The Complicated Relationship Between the Dark Triad and Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic Review
Walker, S., Double, K. S., & Birney, D. P. (2021) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739211014585 · Cited by 33
“A recent meta-analysis found the corrected Machiavellianism–psychopathy correlation to be .59 (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
CEO narcissism and myopic management
Agnihotri, A., & Bhattacharya, S. (2021) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.07.006 · Cited by 30
Bright sides of dark personality? A cross‐cultural study on the dark triad and work outcomes
Ma, G. X., Born, M. P., Petrou, P., & Bakker, A. B. (2021) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12342 · Cited by 30
The positive connection between dark triad traits and leadership levels in self- and other-ratings
Diller, S. J., Czibor, A., Szabó, Z. P., Restás, P., Jonas, E., & Frey, D. (2021) · Leadership Education Personality An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1365/s42681-021-00025-6 · Cited by 38
Customers who misbehave: Identifying restaurant guests “acting out” via asymmetric case models
Chaouali, W., Hammami, S. M., Veríssimo, J. M. C., Harris, L. C., El-Manstrly, D. A., & Woodside, A. G. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102897 · Cited by 30
Beyond the Big Five: The effect of machiavellian, narcissistic, and psychopathic personality traits on stakeholder engagement
Hollebeek, L. D., Sprott, D. E., Urbonavičius, S., Sigurðsson, V., Clark, M. K., Riisalu, R., & Smith, D. L. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21647 · Cited by 33
Bargaining your way to success: The effect of Machiavellian chief executive officers on firm costs
Recendes, T., Aime, F., Hill, A., & Petrenko, O. V. (2022) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3402 · Cited by 30
Performance Effects of High Performance Work Systems on Committed, Long-Term Employees: A Multilevel Study
Pahos, N., & Galanaki, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.825397 · Cited by 30
Bad Is Stronger Than Good
Harms, P. D. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000496 · Cited by 32
Maladaptive Personality Constructs, Measures, and Work Behaviors
Dilchert, S., Öneş, D. S., & Krueger, R. F. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12115 · Cited by 30
The roles of character and charisma in evaluating leadership: Effects of dark triad and honesty-humility traits, attributed charisma, and COVID-19 crisis anxiety in rejecting a presidential leadership candidate
Williams, E. A., Pillai, R., McCombs, K. M., & Lowe, K. B. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111035 · Cited by 30
Mapping the nomological network of employee self-determined safety motivation: A preliminary measure in China
Jiang, L., & Tetrick, L. E. (2016) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.009 · Cited by 34
The Health-Related Upside of Employee Engagement: Exploratory Evidence and Implications for Theory and Practice
Shuck, B., Alagaraja, M., Rose, K. J., Owen, J. J., Osam, K., & Bergman, M. (2017) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.21246 · Cited by 42
Judgments of the Dark Triad based on Facebook profiles
Molen, R. J. V., Kaplan, S. A., Choi, E., & Montoya, D. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.010 · Cited by 29
Leader Machiavellianism and follower silence
Erkutlu, H., & Chafra, J. (2019) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-09-2018-0097 · Cited by 36
“Previous research has shown that leader’s Machiavellianism has been linked to organizational deviance and various specific unethical and exploitative behaviors such as tendencies to cheat, lack of workplace integrity and even white-collar crime (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Why dark personalities can get ahead: Extending the toxic career model
Kholin, M., Kückelhaus, B. P., & Blickle, G. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109792 · Cited by 31
Why employee psychopathy leads to counterproductive workplace behaviours : an analysis of the underlying mechanisms
Schilbach, M., Baethge, A., & Rigotti, T. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1739650 · Cited by 35
The dark triad and organizational citizenship behavior in health care: The moderating role of positive emotions
Al‐Abrrow, H., Thajil, K. M., Abdullah, H. O., & Abbas, S. (2020) · Global Business and Organizational Excellence · doi:10.1002/joe.22010 · Cited by 29
Examining correlates of organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior in a collectivist culture: the case of Arab teachers in Israel
Cohen, A. G., & Abedallah, M. (2021) · Organization Management Journal · doi:10.1108/omj-01-2020-0863 · Cited by 39
Procrastination, Perfectionism, and Other Work-Related Mental Problems: Prevalence, Types, Assessment, and Treatment—A Scoping Review
Steinert, C., Heim, N., & Leichsenring, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.736776 · Cited by 29
Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: How and When Machiavellian Leaders Demonstrate Strategic Abuse
Feng, Z., Keng, F. T., Yam, K. C., Chen, X.-P., & Hu, L. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05132-y · Cited by 30
“Therefore, although all three dark traits predict people’s counterproductive behaviors (e.g., Jones & Paulhus, 2017; O’Boyle et al. 2012), Machiavellians are most likely to commit such behaviors for cold, strategic purposes.”
Background
Dark Triad and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: the role of conspiracy beliefs and risk perception
Giancola, M., Palmiero, M., & D’Amico, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04609-x · Cited by 29
“The DT construct has been introduced by Paulhus & Williams (2002) and entails three subclinical personality traits.”
Influential
Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviouramong Indian Managers
Rehman, U., & Shahnawaz, M. (2018) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2018a10 · Cited by 32
“However, Machiavellians do not see reward and compensation in a manner that is similar as perceived by others (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Personality Neuroscience
DeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 34
Dark Tetrad and workplace deviance: Investigating the moderating role of organizational justice perceptions
del Río, E. F., Castro, Á., & Ramos‐Villagrasa, P. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968283 · Cited by 30
“This is consistent with previous literature (O’Boyle et al., 2012; Ying and Cohen, 2018; Li et al., 2020), which points out that individuals high in any dark personality trait tend to engage in a variety of deliberate actions that harm the organization or its members.”
BackgroundResult
Coworker Narcissism: Employee Emotional and Behavioral Reactions as Moderated by Bottom-Line Mentality and Trait Competitiveness
Greenbaum, R. L., Gray, T. W., Hill, A., Lima, M., Royce, S. S., & Smales, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221132791 · Cited by 30
Dark-Side Personality Trait Interactions: Amplifying Negative Predictions of Leadership Performance
Simonet, D. V., Tett, R. P., Foster, J. L., Angelback, A. I., & Bartlett, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051817727703 · Cited by 30
“Recent reviews suggest that dark-side traits and, by extension, their interactions are more likely to interfere with leaders’ performance in lower organizational positions and weaker situations (Hogan et al., 2011; O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Dark Motives and Elective Use of Brainteaser Interview Questions
Highhouse, S., Nye, C. D., & Zhang, D. C. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12163 · Cited by 20
Dark triad and situational variables and their relationship to career success and counterproductive work behaviors among employees in Turkey
Cohen, A. G., & Özsoy, E. (2021) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-02-2020-0019 · Cited by 29
Can mind perception explain virtuous character judgments of artificial intelligence?
Shank, D. B., North, M., Arnold, C., & Gamez, P. (2021) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000047 · Cited by 38
The buffering effect of micro-daily events on the relationship between the dark triad traits and counterproductive work behavior
Silva, A. J., & Silva, D. (2022) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-12-2021-0864 · Cited by 28
Exploring the relationship between the Dark Triad personality traits and voice behaviour of hotel employees with the moderating effect of intention to leave
Zhuang, W.-L., Wu, S.-C., Wang, L., & Huan, T.-C. T. C. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103294 · Cited by 31
The negative impact of chameleon-inducing personalities on employees' ethical work intentions: The mediating role of Machiavellianism
Ruiz‐Palomino, P., & Bañón-Gomis, A. J. (2016) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2016.02.010 · Cited by 28
The Bright and Dark Aspects of Grit in the Pursuit of Success
Houston, J. M., Luchner, A. F., Davidson, A. J., Gonzalez, J. S., Steigerwald, N., & Leftwich, C. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120907316 · Cited by 28
“narcissism and psychopathy (O’Boyle et al., 2012) in addition to hypercompetitiveness (Mudrack, Bloodgood, & Turnley, 2012).”
Background
Why Are People Honest? Internal and External Motivations to Report Honestly
Murphy, P. R., Wynes, M. J., Hahn, T., & Devine, P. G. (2019) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12543 · Cited by 27
Dark Triad and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Which of the Dark Triad Traits is More Malevolent
Özsoy, E. (2018) · Journal of Business Research - Turk · doi:10.20491/isarder.2018.546 · Cited by 27
Cross-sectional age differences in the Dark Triad traits in two Japanese samples.
Kawamoto, T., Shimotsukasa, T., & Oshio, A. (2019) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000399 · Cited by 30
Impact of nurse supervisor on social exclusion and counterproductive behaviour of employees
Ali, K., & Johl, S. (2020) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2020.1811044 · Cited by 28
The Dark Side of High-Fliers: The Dark Triad, High-Flier Traits, Engagement, and Subjective Success
Furnham, A. F., & Treglown, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647676 · Cited by 28
When and why narcissism leads to taking charge? The roles of coworker narcissism and employee comparative identity
Liu, X., Mao, J., Zheng, X., Ni, D., & Harms, P. D. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12401 · Cited by 27
An examination of online cheating among business students through the lens of the Dark Triad and Fraud Diamond
Smith, K. J., Emerson, D. J., Haight, T. D., & Wood, B. G. (2022) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2022.2104281 · Cited by 27
“We used a three-item scale adapted by Harrison et al. (2018) of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Levenson et al., 1995) to measure Dark Triad Personality Traits Fraud Diamond Rationalization Process Predisposition Awareness Judgement Intention Action 1Direction of path opposite to that predicted by Harrison…”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationship between the extent of psychopathic features among corporate managers and subsequent employee job satisfaction
Spencer, R. J., & Byrne, M. K. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.044 · Cited by 27
Self-Enhancing Self-Presentation: Interpersonal, Relational, and Organizational Implications
Sedikides, C., Hoorens, V., & Dufner, M. (2015) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 27
Dark Triad, Locus of Control and Affective Status among Individuals with an Entrepreneurial Intent
Rapp‐Ricciardi, M., Widh, J., Barbieri, B., Amato, C., & Archer, T. (2018) · UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) · Cited by 27
Meta-analysis of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits
Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Ding, Y., & Liu, X. J. (2014) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2014.942708 · Cited by 26
“This method has been used popularly over the years in many areas such as the behavioural, medical and social sciences (O’Boyle et al. 2012; Osbaldiston & Schott 2012), but rarely in food safety.”
Method
Patience as a Mediator Between the Dark Triad and Meaning in Life
Wang, J., Li, T., Wang, K. T., & Wang, C. (2018) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9627-y · Cited by 26
Coach me if you can! Dark triad clients, their effect on coaches, and how coaches deal with them
Diller, S. J., Frey, D., & Jonas, E. (2020) · Coaching An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/17521882.2020.1784973 · Cited by 26
The winner takes it all: The mediating role of competitive orientations in the Dark Triad and sport task performance relationship
Vaughan, R. S., & Madigan, D. J. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1825822 · Cited by 26
“For example, Machiavellianism has been shown to be negatively related to the quality of job performance, but positively related to competitiveness (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Self‐Worth and Politics: The Distinctive Roles of Self‐Esteem and Narcissism
Cichocka, A. K., Marchlewska, M., & Cisłak, A. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12897 · Cited by 35
Dark and Light Triad: A cross-cultural comparison of network analysis in 5 countries
Ramos‐Vera, C., O’Diana, A. G., Sánchez‐Villena, A. R., Araujo, B. B., Barros, L. D. O., Noronha, A. P. P., Gómez-Acosta, A., Barón, W. S., Gerymski, R., Ogundokun, R. O., et al. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112377 · Cited by 33
Faculty narcissism and student outcomes in business higher education: A student-faculty fit analysis
Westerman, J. W., Whitaker, B. G., Bergman, J. Z., Bergman, S. M., & Daly, J. P. (2016) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2016.02.001 · Cited by 24
A simulator of the degree to which random responding leads to biases in the correlations between two individual differences
Holtzman, N. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.013 · Cited by 25
The dark triad and willingness to commit insurance fraud
Modic, D., Palomäki, J., Drosinou, M., & Laakasuo, M. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1469579 · Cited by 25
“Although the individual constructs have been separately studied for many decades, the unified term “dark triad” was introduced by Paulhus and Williams (2002) as a theoretical improvement over existing models of human personality (such as the Five Factor Model; Goldberg, 1992; McCrae & Costa, 1987).”
Background
The Relationship Between Narcissism and Taking Charge: The Role of Energy at Work and Hierarchical Level
Zhou, K., Liu, W., Li, M., Cheng, Z., & Xiao-fei, H. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118811615 · Cited by 25
Are there Psychopaths in White-Collar Jobs?
Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., Narvey, C. S., Boutwell, B. B., & Farrington, D. P. (2019) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1708537 · Cited by 25
Dark personality traits and cyber aggression in adolescents: A moderated mediation analysis of belief in virtuous humanity and self-control
Zhang, H., & Zhao, H. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105565 · Cited by 25
The dark triad and counterproductive work behaviours: A multiple mediation analysis
Mahmood, Z., Alonazi, W. B., Baloch, M. A., & Lodhi, R. N. (2021) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2021.1874463 · Cited by 25
Narcissism, social support, and loneliness during the pandemic
Gąsiorowska, W., Sioch, M., & Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111002 · Cited by 26
Psychopathy and leadership effectiveness: Conceptualizing and testing three models of successful psychopathy
Vergauwe, J., Hofmans, J., Wille, B., Decuyper, M., & Fruyt, F. D. (2021) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101536 · Cited by 29
The super-short Dark Tetrad: Development and validation within the Chinese context
Meng, X., Li, C., Liu, D., & Yan, X. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111459 · Cited by 25
Sex differences in the Dark Triad are sensitive to socioeconomic conditions: the adaptive value of narcissism in the UK, Greece, and China
Luo, Y. L. L., Kovas, Y. V., Wang, L., Stalikas, A., Kyriazos, T. A., Gianniou, F., Likhanov, M. V., & Papageorgiou, K. Α. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03302-9 · Cited by 39
“Such inconsistency in the literature may be due to the competing effects of Machiavellianism and psychopathy on success: on the one hand, they energize the tendency to manipulate others and the motive for “getting ahead”; on the other hand, they may backfire on work behavior such as number of complaints filed against…”
Background
Dark personality traits and psychological need frustration explain future levels of student satisfaction, engagement, and performance
Hughes, D. J., Adie, J. W., Kratsiotis, I. K., Bartholomew, K. J., Bhakta, R., & Martindale, J. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102273 · Cited by 32
The antecedents of moral identity: A meta-analytic review
Xu, X., Li, M., Kwan, H. K., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-023-09891-8 · Cited by 36
“Machiavellianism and narcissism Machiavellianism and narcissism are two of the Dark Triad personality traits (O’Boyle et al., 2012; Paulhus & Williams, 2002).”
Psychopathy in the Workplace
Mathieu, C., Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119159322.ch27 · Cited by 28
Toxic WorkersPreprint
Housman, M. G., & Minor, D. B. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2677700 · Cited by 27
Machiavellianism, stakeholder orientation, and support for sustainability reporting
Shafer, W. E., & Lucianetti, L. (2018) · Business Ethics A European Review · doi:10.1111/beer.12187 · Cited by 24
What makes a leader? Trait emotional intelligence and Dark Tetrad traits predict transformational leadership beyond HEXACO personality factors
Schreyer, H., Plouffe, R. A., Wilson, C. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01571-4 · Cited by 24
Dark clouds on the horizon: Dark personality traits and the frontiers of the entrepreneurial economy
Harms, P. D., White, J. V., & Fezzey, T. N. A. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114364 · Cited by 27
The Personality Attributes of Political Elites
Caprara, G. V., & Silvester, J. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-51904-7_30 · Cited by 26
The Buffering Effect of Machiavellianism on the Relationship Between Role Conflict and Counterproductive Work Behavior
Zhao, J., Sufang, X., Mao, J., & Liu, W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01776 · Cited by 25
An exploratory study of the link between Machiavellianism and burnout
Mirkovic, D., & Bianchi, R. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.024 · Cited by 29
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly? A Triarchic Perspective on Psychopathy at Work
Kranefeld, I., & Blickle, G. (2021) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x211022667 · Cited by 24
“The meta-analysis by O’Boyle et al. (2012) found that global psychopathy (mostly measured with instruments that focus on aspects of psychopathy subsumable Kranefeld and Blickle 1503 under meanness and disinhibition, Patrick et al., 2009) was positively related to CWB. Self-centered impulsivity, a…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Searching for Machiavelli but finding psychopathy and narcissism.
Persson, B. N. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000323 · Cited by 28
Effects of service employees’ negative personality traits on emotional labour and job satisfaction
Walsh, G., Yang, Z., Dahling, J. J., Schaarschmidt, M., & Takahashi, I. (2019) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2018-1206 · Cited by 23
“People high in narcissism express arrogance and self-centeredness, but these behaviors may stem from a weak sense of self-worth; they seek and crave validation from others, especially those with high social status (O’Boyle et al., 2012; Wisse et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Why Do They Run? The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Ambition
Blais, J., Pruysers, S., & Chen, P. G. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423918001075 · Cited by 25
Making an impact in healthcare contexts: insights from a mixed-methods study of professional misconduct
Searle, R., & Rice, C. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1850520 · Cited by 25
In Leaders We Trust, or Should We? Supervisors’ Dark Triad Personality Traits and Ratings of Team Performance and Innovation
Fodor, O. C., Curșeu, P. L., & Meslec, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650172 · Cited by 27
Personality and Emotion
Reisenzein, R., Hildebrandt, A., & Weber, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.009 · Cited by 26
The dark web of machiavellianism and psychopathy: Moral disengagement in IT organizations
Maftei, A., Holman, A. C., & Elenescu, A.-G. (2022) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.4011 · Cited by 23
“As managers, individuals high in psychopathy were also found to be lacking relationship skills, being unable to build effective working teams (Hogan, Hogan, & Kaiser, 2011), and usually determining subordinates' stress, work-family conflicts, and low levels of job satisfaction, and counterproductive work behavior (Mat…”
Background
How to Neutralize Primary Psychopathic Leaders’ Damaging Impact: Rules, Sanctions, and Transparency
Laurijssen, L. M., Wisse, B. M., Sanders, S., & Sleebos, E. (2023) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05303-x · Cited by 27
“Some have argued that self-report psychopathy measures may be affected by psy-chopathic individuals’ deliberate attempt to underreport their psychopathic features (cf. O'Boyle et al., 2012).”
Fiends and Fools: A Narrative Review and Neo-socioanalytic Perspective on Personality and Insider Threats
Marbut, A. R., & Harms, P. D. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09885-9 · Cited by 23
“In other words, they increase the risk of malicious threats for largely the same reasons that socially aversive traits and stressful situations are predictive of CWBs (O’Boyle et al., 2012; Grijalva & Newman, 2015; Berry et al., 2007; Dalal, 2005; Spector & Fox, 2005).”
When overqualification turns dark: A moderated-mediation model of perceived overqualification, narcissism, frustration, and counterproductive work behavior
Wiegand, J. P. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112351 · Cited by 23
Dynamic and global drivers of salesperson effectiveness
Claro, D. P., RAMOS, C. S. D. M., & Palmatier, R. W. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-023-00954-2 · Cited by 23
Strategic Entrepreneurial Behaviors and SME Performance: The Moderating Role of Narcissism and Machiavellianism
Shirokova, G., Galieva, N., Doktorova, D., White, J. V., & Marino, L. (2022) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-10-2022-0409 · Cited by 28
“Give us your social networking site passwords”: Implications for personnel selection and personality
Schneider, T. J., Goffin, R. D., & Daljeet, K. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.026 · Cited by 23
Fearless dominance and performance in field sales: A predictive study
Titze, J. L., Blickle, G., & Wihler, A. (2017) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12181 · Cited by 26
“Additionally, some researchers caution that psychopaths by their very nature might not provide accurate self-reports (O'Boyle et al, 2012; Wu & LeBreton, 2011).”
Background
Rule breakers and attention seekers: Personality predictors of integrity and accountability in leaders
Nei, K. S., Foster, J. L., Ness, A. M., & Nei, D. S. (2018) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12201 · Cited by 23
In the Service of the Prince: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Machiavellian Leadership
Marbut, A. R., Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2877 · Cited by 26
Social exchange theory in leadership research: A problematizing review
Madison, K., Eva, N., De Cieri, H., & Goh, Z. (2025) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2025.101924 · Cited by 22
When the Dark Shines: The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Leadership Role Occupancy and Hiring Decisions in a Collectivistic Culture
Nuzulia, S., & Why, Y. P. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619893956 · Cited by 32
“Colleagues, subordinates, and supervisors gradually know the manipulative strategies employed by people high in Machiavellianism (O'Boyle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Understanding the effects of personality traits on solver engagement in crowdsourcing communities: a moderated mediation investigation
Shi, X., Evans, R., Pan, W., & Shan, W. (2021) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-05-2020-0290 · Cited by 22
Impact of dark triad personality traits on turnover intention and mental health of employees through cyberbullying
Baheer, R., Khan, K. I., Rafiq, Z., & Rashid, T. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2191777 · Cited by 22
Relationship conflict and counterproductive work behavior: the roles of affective well-being and emotional intelligence
Choi, Y., Yoon, D. J., Lee, J. D., & Lee, J. Y. E. (2023) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-023-00642-z · Cited by 23
“Due to its negative influences on both organizations and their members, research has identified various types of antecedents, especially work stressors, to CWB (e.g., Bowling and Eschleman 2010; Mount et al. 2006; O’Boyle et al. 2012).”
Drawing on the Dark Triad to Teach Effective Leadership Is Dangerous, Irresponsible, and Bad Theory
Cunha, M. P. E., Clegg, S. R., Rego, A., & Simpson, A. V. (2024) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2022.0326 · Cited by 26

Authors: O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Richmond (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID: Forsyth, Donelson R.
Banks, George C.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-05
Volume: 97
Issue: 3
Pages: 557-579
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/a0025679
OpenAlex: W2005207520
Cited by: 1,331
References: 250
Citations by year: 2026: 94 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, employee performance, counterproductive work behavior, social exchange theory, workplace authority, organizational culture, personality traits
MeSH terms: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Employee Discipline, Employment, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Machiavellianism, Narcissism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks