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Cited by 63Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Abuse and Trauma

Investigating cognitive pathways to psychopathology: Predicting depression and posttraumatic stress disorder from early responses after assault.

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Kleim, Birgit, Ehlers, Anke, Glucksman, Edward·2012·Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
DOI 10.1037/a0027006PMC PMC3444173
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Abstract

Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common after trauma, but it remains unclear what factors determine which disorder a trauma survivor will develop. A prospective longitudinal study of 222 assault survivors assessed candidate predictors derived from cognitive models of depression and PTSD at 2 weeks posttrauma (N = 222), and depression and PTSD symptom severities (N = 183, 82%) and diagnoses at 6 months (N = 205, 92%). Structural equation modeling showed that the depression and PTSD models predicted both depression and PTSD symptom severity, but that the disorder-specific models predicted the respective outcome best (43% for depression, 59% for PTSD symptom severity). Maintaining cognitive variables (hopelessness and self-devaluative thoughts in depression; cognitive responses to intrusive memories and persistent dissociation in PTSD) showed the clearest specific relationships with outcome. Model-derived variables predicted depression and PTSD diagnoses at 6 months over and above what could be predicted from initial diagnoses. Results support the role of cognitive factors in the development of depression and PTSD after trauma, and provide preliminary evidence for some specificity in maintaining cognitive mechanisms.

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  • Vulnerability and maintaining or mediating psychological processes may be more important in predicting long-term psychopathology than stressors that trigger such processes.

    “We focus on vulnerability and maintaining or mediating psychological processes because these may be more important in predicting long-term psychopathology than stressors that trigger such processes (Kleim et al., 2012).”

    From Cognitive and behavioural factors contributing to distress in LGBTQ+students: a prospective mediation study. (2022) · cites this paper as Kleim et al., 2012

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says maintaining cognitive factors may predict long-term psychopathology better than factors explaining initial symptoms, and reports that maintaining cognitions mediated the effects of appraisals on outcomes. It does not make that comparison with the stressors that trigger those processes, or extend the comparison to vulnerability factors generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Beck A. T., Rush A. J., Shaw B. F., & Emery G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  2. Foa E. B., & Riggs D. S. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims. In Oldham J. M., Riba M. B., & Tasman A. (Eds.), Annual review of psychiatry (pp. 273– 303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  3. Resick P. A., & Schnicke M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1401390

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Authors
Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E.
Affiliations
  • King's College London (GB)
  • King's College Hospital (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2012-09
Volume
4
Issue
5
Pages
527-537
ISSN
  • 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
  • 1942-969X
DOI
10.1037/a0027006
PMC
PMC3444173
OpenAlex
W2123468234
Cited by
63
References
67
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
FWCI
5.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Psychiatry Research Trust
  • Wellcome Trust (069777)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma, cognitive models of depression, hopelessness, intrusive memories, dissociation, symptom severity

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