The impact of community-based outreach on psychological distress and victim safety in women exposed to intimate partner abuse
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Using a longitudinal, randomized controlled trial, this study assessed the impact of a community-based outreach versus a more traditional criminal justice system-based referral program on women's distress and safety following police-reported intimate partner abuse (IPA). METHOD: Women (N = 236 women) with police-reported IPA were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 interdisciplinary community-coordinated response program conditions: Outreach (community-based victim advocate outreach) or Referral (criminal justice system-based victim advocate referrals to community-based agencies). Participants were interviewed 3 times over a 1-year period: within 26 (median) days of police-reported IPA, 6 months later, and 12 months later. Primary outcome measures included posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptom severity (Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; Beck Depression Inventory-II), fear appraisals (Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire), IPA revictimization (Revised Conflict Tactics Scale), and readiness to leave the relationship with the abuser. RESULTS: One year after the initial interview, women in the Outreach condition reported decreased PTSD and depression symptom severity and fear compared with women in the Referral condition. Although both conditions were unrelated to revictimization in the follow-up year, women in the Outreach condition reported greater readiness to leave the abuser and rated services as more helpful than women in the Referral condition. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies to examine community-based outreach in the context of an interdisciplinary community coordinated response to police-reported IPA. The findings suggest that community-based outreach by victim advocates results in decreased distress levels, greater readiness to leave abusive relationships, and greater perceived helpfulness of services relative to system-based referrals.
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Nine of the reviewed studies (3 RCTs, 3 pre-post evaluations, 3 qualitative research) consisted of community-based interventions.
“9 (3 RCTs, 3 pre-post evaluations, 3 qualitative research) of the studies we reviewed consisted of interventions described as being community-based [34–42].”
From A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and/ mental health outcomes of survivors (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In DePrince et al., both community-based advocacy and referral-focused advocacy groups showed improvement in mental health outcomes, but the community-based outreach group had slightly better mental health outcomes.
“In one study, by De Prince et al [42], where a community-based advocacy intervention was compared to an advocacy intervention that was focused on referral, both groups showed improvement in mental health outcomes, but the community-based advocacy intervention group (outreach) had slightly better mental health outcomes.”
From A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and/ mental health outcomes of survivors (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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Mesafint, G., Shifera, N., & Belay, A. S. (2024) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-06-2022-0059 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liversage, A. (2025) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2025.2597792
Roma Community Strategies to Prevent and Address Gender-Based Violence
Sordé, T., Valero, D., Saso, C. E., & Pascual, A. M. (2026) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-025-09399-z
Mai, K., Salim, S. R., Tilstra-Ferrell, E. L., Rodriguez, S., Lazenby, G. B., Rheingold, A. A., & Hahn, C. K. (2026) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/jfn.0000000000000598
Mora-Ozuna, C. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/6768765
- Authors
- DePrince, A. P., Labus, J., Belknap, J., Buckingham, S., & Gover, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 211-221
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2157041935
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 9.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Justice (2007-WG-BX-0002)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Demography › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, community outreach, victim advocates, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, revictimization, victim safety
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Community-Institutional Relations, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Safety, Severity of Illness Index, Spouse Abuse, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Women, Crime Victims
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