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Sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in school-age children: A century of research meta-analyzed.

Astill, Rebecca G., Van der Heijden, Kristiaan B., Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Van Someren, Eus J. W.·2012·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/a0028204

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Abstract

Clear associations of sleep, cognitive performance, and behavioral problems have been demonstrated in meta-analyses of studies in adults. This meta-analysis is the first to systematically summarize all relevant studies reporting on sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in healthy school-age children (5-12 years old) and incorporates 86 studies on 35,936 children. Sleep duration shows a significant positive relation with cognitive performance (r = .08, confidence interval [CI] [.06, .10]). Subsequent analyses on cognitive subdomains indicate specific associations of sleep duration with executive functioning (r = .07, CI [.02, .13]), with performance on tasks that address multiple cognitive domains (r = .10, CI = [.05, .16]), and with school performance (r = .09, CI [.06, .12]), but not with intelligence. Quite unlike typical findings in adults, sleep duration was not associated with sustained attention and memory. Methodological issues and brain developmental immaturities are proposed to underlie the marked differences. Shorter sleep duration is associated with more behavioral problems (r = .09, CI [.07, .11]). Subsequent analyses on subdomains of behavioral problems showed that the relation holds for both internalizing (r = .09, CI [.06, .12]) and externalizing behavioral problems (r = .08, CI [.06, .11]). Ancillary moderator analyses identified practices recommended to increase sensitivity of assessments and designs in future studies. In practical terms, the findings suggest that insufficient sleep in children is associated with deficits in higher-order and complex cognitive functions and an increase in behavioral problems. This is particularly relevant given society's tendency towards sleep curtailment.

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“…the reported relation between reduced sleep duration and impaired executive functioning and higher levels of internalizing/externalizing behavior (Astill et al., 2012), as well as attentional (Belenky et al., 2003; Van Dongen et al., 2003; Axelsson et al., 2008) and mood problems (Owens et al.,…”
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“53,61 Interestingly, sleep efficiency, but not sleep duration, of healthy children has been linked to enhanced learning performance and improved educational outcomes.”
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“…disorders are not only known to persist well into adulthood and increase risk of other disorders (e.g. cardiovascular disorders), but also known to affect executive functioning, attention, irritability, and motivation (Anderson et al., 2009; Astill et al., 2012; Beebe, 2011; Biggs et al., 2011).”
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Road traffic noise and children’s inattention
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Sleep Disorders in Preschoolers
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Authors: Astill, R. G., Van der Heijden, K. B., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Van Someren, E. J. W.
Affiliations: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012
Volume: 138
Issue: 6
Pages: 1109-1138
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/a0028204
OpenAlex: W2151099567
Cited by: 707
References: 226
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 41.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research
The Hague (VICI Innovation Grant 453-07-001)
National Initiative Brain & Cognition Research Program (“Innovative Learning Materials and Methods” Grant 056-32-013)
Sponsor name not included
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: sleep duration, elementary school students, cognitive performance, behavioral problems, executive function, academic performance, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, sustained attention, memory, sleep deprivation, brain development, intelligence
MeSH terms: Achievement, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Time Factors

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