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Cited by 446Sleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and related disordersSleep and Wakefulness Research

Cognitive Performance, Sleepiness, and Mood in Partially Sleep Deprived Adolescents: The Need for Sleep Study

Open access
Lo, June C., Ong, Ju Lynn, Leong, Ruth L.F., Gooley, Joshua J., Chee, Michael W.L.·2016·Sleep
DOI 10.5665/sleep.5552PMC PMC4763363
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Abstract

To investigate the effects of sleep restriction (7 nights of 5 h time in bed [TIB]) on cognitive performance, subjective sleepiness, and mood in adolescents. A parallel-group design was adopted in the Need for Sleep Study. Fifty-six healthy adolescents (25 males, age = 15-19 y) who studied in top high schools and were not habitual short sleepers were randomly assigned to Sleep Restriction (SR) or Control groups. Participants underwent a 2-w protocol consisting of 3 baseline nights (TIB = 9 h), 7 nights of sleep opportunity manipulation (TIB = 5 h for the SR and 9 h for the control groups), and 3 nights of recovery sleep (TIB = 9 h) at a boarding school. A cognitive test battery was administered three times each day. During the manipulation period, the SR group demonstrated incremental deterioration in sustained attention, working memory and executive function, increase in subjective sleepiness, and decrease in positive mood. Subjective sleepiness and sustained attention did not return to baseline levels even after 2 recovery nights. In contrast, the control group maintained baseline levels of cognitive performance, subjective sleepiness, and mood throughout the study. Incremental improvement in speed of processing, as a result of repeated testing and learning, was observed in the control group but was attenuated in the sleep-restricted participants, who, despite two recovery sleep episodes, continued to perform worse than the control participants.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5665/sleep.5552

Cites

70 of 70 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

15 of 58 cited sources checked · 12 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Other studies have failed to find a significant relationship between sleep duration and speed of processing, working memory, or executive function in children and adolescents.

    “Although several observational studies have found that speed of processing, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function are poorer in children and adolescents who report shorter sleep, [22][23][24] other studies have failed to find a significant relationship between sleep duration and speed of processing, 23,25 working memory, or executive function.12,23,25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [12] Anderson, 2009, Associations of executive function with sleepiness and sleep duration in adolescents, Pediatrics source

      The Results section, “Associations between Measures of Executive Function and Sleep Duration” (page unavailable), reports no significant association between sleep duration and the primary executive-function outcomes. The Methods section, “Executive Functioning Outcomes” (page unavailable), describes working memory as one demand of an executive-function test, but the paper does not report separate findings for working memory or processing speed. It therefore supports the executive-function part of the claim, not all three outcomes attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [23] Sadeh, 2002, Sleep, neurobehavioral functioning, and behavior problems in school-age children, Child Dev source
    • cites [25] Buckhalt, 2007, Children's sleep and cognitive functioning: race and socioeconomic status as moderators of effects, Child Dev source
  • Premisecitation

    Sleep restricted adolescents have been consistently found to be more sleepy.

    “Sleep restricted adolescents have been consistently found to be more sleepy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Anderson, 2009, Associations of executive function with sleepiness and sleep duration in adolescents, Pediatrics source

      The Results (Associations with Sleepiness; page unavailable) report that short weekday sleep was more prevalent among sleepy adolescents, supporting an association between shorter sleep and sleepiness. The study is cross-sectional and does not establish that sleep restriction made adolescents sleepier or that this has been consistently found across studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [13] Wolfson, 1998, Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents, Child Dev source
  • Premisecitation

    Short sleep duration has been associated with greater emotional lability.

    “Short sleep duration has also been associated with greater emotional lability.18”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Nixon, 2008, Short sleep duration in middle childhood: risk factors and consequences, Sleep source
  • Premisecitation

    Elevated negative affect ratings were observed after 5 nights of restriction to 6.5 h of time in bed for sleep.

    “Elevated negative affect ratings were observed after 5 nights of restriction to 6.5 h of TIB for sleep.20”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Baum, 2014, Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
  • Interpretationown data

    The absence of an incremental effect of load suggests that perceptual and attentional degradation independently or together with maintenance failure could underlie the performance decline attributed to executive function in the sleep deprived state.

    “The absence of an incremental effect of load is similar to that observed with adults undergoing partial sleep deprivation 31 as well as visual short term memory and total sleep deprivation [58][59][60] and suggests that perceptual and attentional degradation 61 independently or together with maintenance failure 62 could underlie the performance decline attributed to executive function in the sleep”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [31] Lo, 2012, Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase, PLoS One source
    • cites [58] Chee, 2007, Functional neuroimaging and behavioral correlates of capacity decline in visual short-term memory after sleep deprivation, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
    • cites [59] Chuah, 2008, Cholinergic augmentation modulates visual task performance in sleep-deprived young adults, J Neurosci source
  • May combine two claims. 33
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When various cognitive domains were analyzed separately, shorter sleep duration was only modestly associated with poorer executive function, and not at all with sustained attention.

    “When various cognitive domains were analyzed separately, shorter sleep duration was only modestly associated with poorer executive function, and not at all with sustained attention -a cognitive domain highly sensitive to partial sleep deprivation in adults.30,31”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [30] Basner, 2011, Maximizing sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to sleep loss, Sleep source
    • cites [31] Lo, 2012, Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase, PLoS One source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sleep has been shown to modulate the processing of emotional memory.

    “Sleep has been shown to modulate the processing of emotional memory.[66][67][68]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66] Stickgold, 2013, Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing, Nat Neurosci source
    • cites [67] Payne, 2008, Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes, Psychol Sci source
    • cites [68] Sterpenich, 2007, Sleep-related hippocampo-cortical interplay during emotional memory recollection, PLoS Biol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On the third recovery night, actigraphically estimated total sleep time of the sleep restriction group approached baseline level and the group difference disappeared.

    “On the third recovery night, TST of the SR group approached baseline level (P = 0.07), and the group difference disappeared (6.62 ± 0.16 h versus 6.38 ± 0.16 h, P = 0.23).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The systematic bias of actigraphy underestimation was less with higher sleep efficiency and independent of the duration of sleep opportunity.

    “This systematic bias was less with higher sleep efficiency (i.e., as TST approached TIB) (Figure S1, supplemental material), and this was independent of the duration of sleep opportunity (TIB).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On the first 2 recovery nights, the sleep restriction group slept longer than the last baseline night and significantly longer than the control group.

    “On the first 2 recovery nights, the SR group slept for 7.61 ± 0.15 h and 7.46 ± 0.15 h respectively, both longer than the last baseline night (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008) and significantly longer than the control group (R1: 7.02 ± 0.16 h, P = 0.01; R2: 6.78 ± 0.16 h, P = 0.002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A' in the verbal 1-back task declined after 4 nights of sleep restriction and returned to baseline levels after one recovery sleep episode.

    “A' declined after 4 nights of sleep restriction and returned to baseline levels after one recovery sleep episode (P = 0.06; left panel of Figure 2B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On the first recovery night, the sleep restriction group's total sleep time was significantly longer than the control group's and significantly elevated from baseline.

    “In the first recovery night, not only was the SR group's TST significantly longer than the control group's (8.58 ± 0.07 h versus 8.09 ± 0.07 h, P < 0.001), it was significantly elevated from the baseline level (P < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The number of lapses was significantly reduced after the first recovery sleep episode but remained elevated relative to baseline after the first two nights of recovery sleep.

    “The number of lapses was significantly reduced after the first recovery sleep episode (P < 0.001), but remained elevated relative to baseline after the first two nights of recovery sleep (P < 0.001; left panel in Figure 2A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On the third recovery night, the sleep restriction group's total sleep time remained above baseline and significantly longer than the control group's.

    “On the third recovery night, TST of the SR group remained above baseline (P = 0.004) and significantly longer than the control (8.19 ± 0.07 versus 7.85 ± 0.08 h, P = 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A' in the verbal 3-back task decreased after 4 nights of partial sleep deprivation and returned to baseline level after 1 night of recovery sleep.

    “A' decreased after 4 nights of partial sleep deprivation and returned to baseline level after 1 night of recovery sleep (P = 0.15; right panel of Figure 2B) as observed in the verbal 1-back task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both the MAT and the SDMT, performance improved with repeated testing, but this improvement was attenuated in the sleep restriction group relative to the control group (group × day interaction).

    “In both the MAT and the SDMT, which are tests of speed of processing, performance improved with repeated testing, but this was attenuated in the SR group relative to the control group (group × day interaction for the MAT: F(9,456) = 4.33, P < 0.001; for the SDMT: F(9,456) = 4.02, P < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Adolescents in the control condition maintained their baseline levels of cognitive performance, subjective sleepiness, and mood.

    “maintained their baseline levels of cognitive performance, subjective sleepiness, and mood”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Young adults showed about 10 lapses in the PVT after 7 nights of 4 h TIB, whereas an average of 18 lapses were found after 7 nights of 5 h TIB in the current study.

    “For example, young adults showed about 10 lapses in the PVT after 7 nights of 4 h TIB, 53 whereas an average of 18 lapses were found after 7 nights of 5 h TIB in the current study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Van Dongen, 2003, The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation, Sleep source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Partial sleep deprivation had a medium effect on positive affect and only a small effect on negative affect.

    “Effect size measures showed that partial sleep deprivation had a medium effect on positive affect ( f 2 = 0.17), but only a small effect on negative affect ( f 2 = 0.07; Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After the second recovery night, KSS score in the sleep restriction group remained higher than baseline and at the level observed after 1 night of partial sleep deprivation.

    “This remained so even after the second recovery night (versus baseline: P < 0.001; versus M1: P = 0.65; Figure 2D).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After 1 night of recovery sleep, KSS score in the sleep restriction group decreased but remained higher than baseline and at the level observed after 1 night of partial sleep deprivation.

    “Although KSS score in the SR group decreased after 1 night of recovery sleep (P < 0.001), it was still higher than the baseline value (P < 0.001) and at the level observed after 1 night of partial sleep deprivation (P = 0.61).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    KSS score was elevated after only 1 night of partial sleep deprivation, progressively increased thereafter, and plateaued toward the end of the manipulation period.

    “KSS score was elevated after only 1 night of partial sleep deprivation (P < 0.001), progressively increased thereafter, and plateaued toward the end of the manipulation period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Positive mood decreased progressively during partial sleep deprivation, leveled off toward the end of the manipulation period, and returned to baseline after 1 night of recovery sleep.

    “Positive mood decreased progressively during partial sleep deprivation, leveled off toward the end of the manipulation period, and returned to the baseline level after 1 night of recovery sleep (P = 0.36; left panel of Figure 2E).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Although 1 night of recovery sleep might have restored the learning ability of the SR group, their performance failed to catch up with that of the control group.

    “Although 1 night of recovery sleep might have restored the learning ability of the SR group, their performance failed to catch up with that of the control group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Bland-Altman plot indicates that when sleep efficiency was high, there was overall good concordance between sleep duration measured by both actigraphy and PSG, but when sleep efficiency was low, there was a systematic underestimation of TST for actigraphy.

    “The Bland-Altman plot (Figure S1) indicates that when sleep efficiency was high (i.e., when TST approached TIB), there was overall good concordance between sleep duration measured by both actigraphy and PSG, but when sleep efficiency was low, there was a systematic underestimation of TST for actigraphy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A decline in positive mood was observed after 2 nights of sleep restriction, similar to one previous study.

    “A decline in positive mood was observed after 2 nights of sleep restriction, similar to one previous study.19”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Talbot, 2010, Sleep deprivation in adolescents and adults: changes in affect, Emotion source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants were not informed about their grouping until the first day of the 2-week protocol.

    “They were not informed about their grouping until the first day of the 2-w protocol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 75% of adolescents in the US and more than 90% in Korea and Japan sleep less than the recommended 8-10 h a night.

    “Approximately 75% of adolescents in the US 1 and more than 90% in Korea 2 and Japan 3 sleep less than the recommended 8-10 h a night.4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] National Sleep Foundation, 2006, Sleep in American poll: Teens and Sleep

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [2] Do, 2013, The associations between self-reported sleep duration and adolescent health outcomes: what is the role of time spent on Internet use?, Sleep Med source
    • cites [3] Ohida, 2004, An epidemiologic study of self-reported sleep problems among Japanese adolescents, Sleep source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    One week prior to the study, participants adhered to a 9-h nocturnal sleep opportunity schedule, verified using wrist-worn actigraphy, intended for circadian entrainment and for minimizing any effect of prior sleep restriction on sleep and cognitive performance.

    “One week prior to the study, participants were required to adhere to a sleep-wake schedule that provided a 9-h nocturnal sleep opportunity (23:00-08:00).This was verified using wrist-worn actigraphy and was intended for circadian entrainment and for minimizing any effect of prior sleep restriction on sleep and cognitive performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 9-h sleep opportunity for one week before the study was sufficient to achieve circadian entrainment and eliminate prior sleep debt.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Performance on day B2 was included as a covariate to control for group differences in baseline performance.

    “We included performance on day B2 (see endnote C) as a covariate to control for group differences in baseline performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most partial sleep deprivation studies in children and adolescents have either reduced time in bed by only 1 h for a few nights or have restricted sleep opportunity to 4 to 5 h for only 1 night.

    “Most partial sleep deprivation studies in children and adolescents have either reduced TIB by only 1 h for a few nights 26 or have restricted sleep opportunity to 4 to 5 h for only 1 night.[14][15][16]27”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26] Sadeh, 2003, The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: what a difference an hour makes, Child Dev source
    • cites [14] Carskadon, 1981, Acute restriction of nocturnal sleep in children, Percept Mot Skills source
    • cites [15] Fallone, 2001, Effects of acute sleep restriction on behavior, sustained attention, and response inhibition in children, Percept Mot Skills source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several observational studies have found that speed of processing, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function are poorer in children and adolescents who report shorter sleep.

    “Although several observational studies have found that speed of processing, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function are poorer in children and adolescents who report shorter sleep, [22][23][24] other studies have failed to find a significant relationship between sleep duration and speed of processing, 23,25 working memory, or executive function.12,23,25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [22] Gradisar, 2008, Adolescent sleep and working memory performance, Sleep Biol Rhythms source
    • cites [23] Sadeh, 2002, Sleep, neurobehavioral functioning, and behavior problems in school-age children, Child Dev source
    • cites [24] Steenari, 2003, Working memory and sleep in 6- to 13-year-old schoolchildren, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experimental studies have shown that just 1 night of 4-to-5-h sleep opportunity reduces sleep latency in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and increases levels of subjective sleepiness.

    “Moreover, experimental studies have shown that just 1 night of 4-to 5-h sleep opportunity reduces sleep latency in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test [14][15][16] and increases levels of subjective sleepiness.15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Carskadon, 1981, Acute restriction of nocturnal sleep in children, Percept Mot Skills source
    • cites [15] Fallone, 2001, Effects of acute sleep restriction on behavior, sustained attention, and response inhibition in children, Percept Mot Skills source
    • cites [16] Randazzo, 1998, Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10-14, Sleep source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants were randomized into the sleep restriction and control groups.

    “Participants were randomized into the sleep restriction (SR) and the control groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The size of the partial sleep deprivation effect on 1-back and 3-back was similar in magnitude (f2 = 0.63 and 0.70), suggesting that cognitive decrement induced by partial sleep deprivation did not change with executive load.

    “The size of the partial sleep deprivation effect on 1-and 3-back was similar in magnitude ( f 2 = 0.63 and 0.70; Figure 3), suggesting that cognitive decrement induced by partial sleep deprivation did not change with executive load.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Caffeinated drinks, napping, and strenuous physical exercise were prohibited during the protocol.

    “Caffeinated drinks, napping, and strenuous physical exercise were prohibited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the prohibition of napping, caffeinated drinks, and strenuous physical exercise during the protocol.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Even 10 h of recovery sleep for a single night was insufficient to completely restore sustained attention to baseline levels, although speed of processing was restored.

    “Even 10 h of recovery sleep for a single night was insufficient to completely restore sustained attention to baseline levels, although speed of processing was restored.63”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Banks, 2010, Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery, Sleep source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Sleep was evaluated using both actigraphy and polysomnography.

    “In particular, sleep was evaluated using both actigraphy and polysomnography (PSG).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Sleep scoring was performed visually by trained technicians following the criteria set by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events.

    “Scoring was performed visually by trained technicians following the criteria set by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events.49”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Iber, 2007, The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology, and technical specification

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These prior studies may not have found strong effects on attention because of differences in tests used to measure attention.

    “These prior studies may not have found strong effects on attention because of differences in tests used to measure attention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Restricting adolescents' sleep to 5 h TIB for 7 nights led to cumulative degradation of sustained attention, working memory, executive function, and speed of processing.

    “Restricting adolescents' sleep to 5 h TIB for 7 nights led to cumulative degradation of sustained attention, working memory, executive function, and speed of processing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis summarizing sleep duration data in the past century has shown that sleep in children and adolescents has decreased by about 75 min from the 20th century, with Asia showing one of the fastest rates of reduction.

    “A meta-analysis summarizing sleep duration data in the past century has shown that sleep in children and adolescents has decreased by about 75 min from the 20 th century, with Asia showing one of the fastest rates of reduction.55”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Matricciani, 2012, In search of lost sleep: secular trends in the sleep time of school-aged children and adolescents, Sleep Med Rev source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Data from the first five test batteries on days B0 and B1 were excluded in all analyses to minimize influence of practice effects.

    “We excluded data from the first five test batteries on days B0 and B1 in all the analyses to minimize influence of practice effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have suggested that executive function and not attention is the cognitive domain most affected in partially sleep deprived children and adolescents.

    “Previous studies have suggested that executive function and not attention is the cognitive domain most affected in partially sleep deprived children and adolescents.11,16,57”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kopasz, 2010, Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents - a critical review, Sleep Med Rev source
    • cites [16] Randazzo, 1998, Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10-14, Sleep source
    • cites [57] Dahl, 1996, The impact of inadequate sleep on children's daytime cognitive function, Semin Pediatr Neurol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were under constant supervision of the research staff.

    “Participants were under constant supervision of the research staff.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The increase in subjective sleepiness and the reduction in positive mood leveled off in the course of the experiment.

    “In contrast, the increase in subjective sleepiness and the reduction in positive mood leveled off in the course of the experiment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The cognitive decrement associated with partial sleep deprivation might thus be accentuated by a longer duration of prior wakefulness before testing.

    “The cognitive decrement associated with partial sleep deprivation might thus be accentuated by a longer duration of prior wakefulness before testing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    In societies where sacrificing sleep for academic success is prevalent, chronic fatigue becomes a new societal norm.

    “Of particular concern in societies where sacrificing sleep for academic success is prevalent is that chronic fatigue becomes a new societal norm.65”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Christakis, 2013, Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior, Stat Med source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A large behavioral risk factor survey found that shorter self-reported sleep duration in adolescents was associated with higher likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.

    “Indeed, a large behavioral risk factor survey found that shorter self-reported sleep duration in adolescents was associated with higher likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Do, 2013, The associations between self-reported sleep duration and adolescent health outcomes: what is the role of time spent on Internet use?, Sleep Med source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    We have unequivocally demonstrated neurobehavioral deficits using a standardized cognitive battery, but the effect on ability to learn, to retain information, and to creatively reorganize learned material was not assessed.

    “Although we have unequivocally demonstrated neurobehavioral deficits using a standardized cognitive battery, the effect on ability to learn, to retain information, and to creatively reorganize learned material was not assessed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Sleep restriction was achieved by delaying bedtime and advancing wake time by 2 h so that the midpoints were aligned for both the sleep periods and the wake periods throughout the protocol to minimize circadian phase shifting.

    “Sleep restriction was achieved by delaying bedtime and advancing wake time by 2 h so that the midpoints were aligned for both the sleep periods and the wake periods throughout the protocol to minimize circadian phase shifting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The residual effects of sleep deprivation may cumulate and subsequent exposure to sleep restriction following incomplete recovery may result in disproportional decline in performance.

    “Particularly relevant to hard driving students, the residual effects of sleep deprivation may cumulate and subsequent exposure to sleep restriction following incomplete recovery may result in disproportional decline in performance (Dinges, unpublished data).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dinges, unpublished data

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 9-h sleep opportunity for one week before the study was sufficient to achieve circadian entrainment and eliminate prior sleep debt.

    “This was verified using wrist-worn actigraphy and was intended for circadian entrainment and for minimizing any effect of prior sleep restriction on sleep and cognitive performance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants complied with the prohibition of napping, caffeinated drinks, and strenuous physical exercise during the protocol.

    “Caffeinated drinks, napping, and strenuous physical exercise were prohibited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 7-night 5-h time-in-bed manipulation is comparable in duration and severity to the chronic sleep restriction experienced by adolescents in real-world settings.

    “We found that in adolescents, partial sleep deprivation of comparable duration and severity to that examined in studies on young healthy adults elicited equivalent or greater neurobehavioral deficits across several cognitive domains.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The typical duration of sleep curtailment in students is 5 nights per week.

    “Our 7-night sleep restriction period was longer than the typical 5 study nights of 1 w when students curtailed their sleep.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The norm of sleep for adults is 7 to 8 h.

    “assuming a norm of 7 to 8 h.54”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Short sleep is associated with reduced cognitive performance and academic achievement, as well as poorer physical and mental health.

    “This is a major concern because short sleep is associated with reduced cognitive performance and academic achievement, 1,2 as well as poorer physical and mental health.3”

    From Associations of time spent on homework or studying with nocturnal sleep behavior and depression symptoms in adolescents from Singapore (2020) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Abstract reports that seven nights of sleep restriction impaired cognitive performance in high-performing adolescents. The Limitations and Future Studies section says the study did not assess learning or information retention, so it does not establish reduced academic achievement. The physical- and mental-health clause has a separate citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.89)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Both sleep groups slept a similar amount at baseline.

    “As reported elsewhere, both sleep groups slept a similar amount at baseline”

    From Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

  • Sleep restriction resulted in a greater number of attentional failures on a visual reaction time test.

    “In the same group of students, we found that exposure to sleep restriction resulted in a greater number of attentional failures on a visual reaction time test.22”

    From Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

  • The 5-h time-in-bed condition was associated with a large daily reduction in total sleep time relative to the 9-h time-in-bed condition.

    “whereas the 5-h TIB condition was associated with a large daily reduction in total sleep time relative to the 9-h TIB condition.22,31”

    From Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

  • Sleep deprivation results in deficits in the top-down allocation of attentional resources, which results in impairment in orienting to a location where a target is expected to appear, the capacity for sustained attention, and for selective attention.

    “Sleep deprivation results in deficits in the top-down allocation of attentional resources, 55 which results in impairment in orienting to a location, where a target is expected to appear, 56 , 57 the capacity for sustained attention, 58 and for selective attention. 57”

    From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [58]

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(53) = 0.68reported p = .5 · recomputed p = .499

    “t(53) = 0.68, p = .50”

  • Consistentt(53) = 0.25reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .804

    “t(53) = 0.25, p = .80”

  • ConsistentF(11, 466) = 54.58reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(11,466) = 54.58,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(5, 179) = 572.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(5,179) = 572.14,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 456) = 9.09reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,456) = 9.09, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 2.02reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .036

    “F(9,457) = 2.02, p = .04”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 1.3reported p = .23 · recomputed p = .234

    “F(9,457) = 1.30,p = .23”

  • ConsistentF(9, 456) = 2.45reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010

    “F(9,456) = 2.45, p = .01”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 1.7reported p = .09 · recomputed p = .087

    “F(9,457) = 1.70,p = .09”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 3.2reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,457) = 3.20, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 1.51reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .141

    “F(9,457) = 1.51,p = .14”

  • ConsistentF(9, 456) = 4.33reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,456) = 4.33, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 456) = 4.02reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,456) = 4.02, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 9.32reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,457) = 9.32, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 456) = 4.71reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,456) = 4.71, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 1.15reported p = .33 · recomputed p = .326

    “F(9,457) = 1.15,p = .33”

  • ConsistentF(9, 457) = 0.61reported p = .79 · recomputed p = .789

    “F(9,457) = 0.61, p = .79”

17 of 17

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Sleepiness effect size is labeled medium despite exceeding the large cutoff

    Minor

    The paper calls an f2 of 0.50 medium, although its stated cutoff for a large effect is 0.35.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

6 of the 76 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Lo, J. C., Ong, J. L., Leong, R. L. F., Gooley, J. J., & Chee, M. W. L.
Affiliations
Duke-NUS Medical School (SG)
Corresponding author
Chee, Michael W.L.
ORCID
Venue
Sleep
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2016-03-01
Volume
39
Issue
3
Pages
687-698
ISSN
  • 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-9109
DOI
10.5665/sleep.5552
PMC
PMC4763363
OpenAlex
W2177261198
Cited by
446
References
76
Citations by year
2026: 74 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13
FWCI
47.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • SLEEP (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National University of Singapore
  • Far East Organization
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Medical Research Council (NMRC/ StaR/015/2013)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
sleep restriction, adolescents, cognitive performance, subjective sleepiness, mood, sustained attention, working memory, executive function, processing speed, recovery sleep, residual effects, high-achieving students, academic performance
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Affect, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Polysomnography, Executive Function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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