The diminishing criterion model for metacognitive regulation of time investment.

Ackerman, Rakefet

doi:10.1037/a0035098

Cited by 152Memory Processes and InfluencesInnovative Teaching and Learning MethodsEducational Strategies and Epistemologies

The diminishing criterion model for metacognitive regulation of time investment.

Ackerman, Rakefet·2014·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

DOI 10.1037/a0035098

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Abstract

According to the Discrepancy Reduction Model for metacognitive regulation, people invest time in cognitive tasks in a goal-driven manner until their metacognitive judgment, either judgment of learning (JOL) or confidence, meets their preset goal. This stopping rule should lead to judgments above the goal, regardless of invested time. However, in many tasks, time is negatively correlated with JOL and confidence, with low judgments after effortful processing. This pattern has often been explained as stemming from bottom-up fluency effects on the judgments. While accepting this explanation for simple tasks, like memorizing pairs of familiar words, the proposed Diminishing Criterion Model (DCM) challenges this explanation for complex tasks, like problem solving. Under the DCM, people indeed invest effort in a goal-driven manner. However, investing more time leads to increasing compromise on the goal, resulting in negative time-judgment correlations. Experiment 1 exposed that with word-pair memorization, negative correlations are found only with minimal fluency and difficulty variability, whereas in problem solving, they are found consistently. As predicted, manipulations of low incentives (Experiment 2) and time pressure (Experiment 3) in problem solving revealed greater compromise as more time was invested in a problem. Although intermediate confidence ratings rose during the solving process, the result was negative time-confidence correlations (Experiments 3, 4, and 5), and thi…

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Authors: Ackerman, R.
Affiliations: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
Corresponding author: Ackerman, Rakefet
ORCID: Ackerman, Rakefet
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 143
Issue: 3
Pages: 1349-1368
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/a0035098
OpenAlex: W2142818066
Cited by: 152
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 2.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Israel Foundation Trustees
Israel Science Foundation (957/13)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
Keywords: metacognitive regulation, time investment, judgments of learning, metacognitive confidence, stopping rules, problem solving, time pressure, incentives, top-down control
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Goals, Humans, Judgment, Male, Models, Psychological, Problem Solving, Random Allocation, Task Performance and Analysis, Time, Time Factors, Young Adult

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The diminishing criterion model for metacognitive regulation of time investment.

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