Cited by 480Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research Topics

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Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS depression

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Choi, Seung W., Schalet, Benjamin, Cook, Karon F., Cella, David·2014·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/a0035768PMC PMC5515387

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Abstract

Interest in measuring patient-reported outcomes has increased dramatically in recent decades. This has simultaneously produced numerous assessment options and confusion. In the case of depressive symptoms, there are many commonly used options for measuring the same or a very similar concept. Public and professional reporting of scores can be confused by multiple scale ranges, normative levels, and clinical thresholds. A common reporting metric would have great value and can be achieved when similar instruments are administered to a single sample and then linked to each other to produce cross-walk score tables (e.g., Dorans, 2007; Kolen & Brennan, 2004). Using multiple procedures based on item response theory and equipercentile methods, we produced cross-walk tables linking 3 popular "legacy" depression instruments-the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977; N = 747), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; N = 748), and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001; N = 1,120)-to the depression metric of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS; Cella et al., 2010). The PROMIS Depression metric is centered on the U.S. general population, matching the marginal distributions of gender, age, race, and education in the 2000 U.S. census (Liu et al., 2010). The linking relationships were evaluated by resampling small subsets and estimating confidence intervals for the differences between the observed and linked PROMIS scores; in addition, PROMIS cutoff scores for depression severity were estimated to correspond with those commonly used with the legacy measures. Our results allow clinicians and researchers to retrofit existing data of 3 popular depression measures to the PROMIS Depression metric and vice versa.

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Self-citation

Authors: Choi, S. W., Schalet, B., Cook, K. F., & Cella, D.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
ORCID: Choi, Seung W.
Schalet, Benjamin
Cook, Karon F.
Cella, David
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 513-527
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/a0035768
PMC: PMC5515387
OpenAlex: W2069518888
Cited by: 480
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 7
FWCI: 31.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer (1RC4CA157236-01)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: depressive symptoms, scale linking, Beck Depression Inventory-II, CES-D, PHQ-9, patient-reported outcomes, item response theory, equipercentile linking
MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results

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Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS depression

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