Personality change following unemployment.

Boyce, Christopher J.; Wood, Alex M.; Daly, Michael; Sedikides, Constantine

doi:10.1037/a0038647

Cited by 231Personality Traits and PsychologyEmployment and Welfare StudiesPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Personality change following unemployment.

Boyce, Christopher J., Wood, Alex M., Daly, Michael, Sedikides, Constantine·2015·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0038647

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Abstract

Unemployment has a strongly negative influence on well-being, but it is unclear whether it also alters basic personality traits. Whether personality changes arise through natural maturation processes or contextual/environmental factors is still a matter of debate. Unemployment, a relatively unexpected and commonly occurring life event, may shed light on the relevance of context for personality change. We examined, using a latent change model, the influence of unemployment on the five-factor model of personality in a sample of 6,769 German adults, who completed personality measures at 2 time points 4 years apart. All participants were employed at the first time point, and a subset became unemployed over the course of the study. By the second time point, participants had either remained in employment, been unemployed from 1 to 4 years, or had experienced some unemployment but become reemployed. Compared with those who had remained in employment, unemployed men and women experienced significant patterns of change in their mean levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, whereas reemployed individuals experienced limited change. The results indicate that unemployment has wider psychological implications than previously thought. In addition, the results are consistent with the view that personality changes as a function of contextual and environmental factors.

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In Boyce et al. (2015), men showed a non-linear pattern in agreeableness with increases during the first 2 years and subsequent decreases during later years.
“whereas men showed a non-linear pattern with increases during the first 2 years and subsequent decreases during later years.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
Boyce et al. (2015) found that agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness changed during unemployment relative to employment, with the influence contingent upon the number of years of unemployment, gender, and reemployment.
“this study found that agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness changed during unemployment relative to employment, with the influence being contingent upon the number of years of unemployment, gender, and reemployment.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), women showed sharp decreases in openness in the second and third years of unemployment but rebounded in the fourth year.
“Women, on the other hand, showed sharp decreases in openness in the second and third years of unemployment but rebounded in the fourth year.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), both men and women experienced nonlinear changes in openness.
“Both men and women experienced nonlinear changes in openness.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), taking gender and number of years spent unemployed into account, the observed effect sizes were considerably larger than those reported in previous studies, suggesting effects that reach as high as a full standard deviation change in personality.
“Taking gender and number of years spent unemployed into account, the observed effect sizes were considerably larger than those reported in previous studies, suggesting effects that reach as high as a full standard deviation change in personality.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)

In Boyce et al. (2015), conscientiousness decreased linearly in men.
“Conscientiousness decreased linearly in men”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), women tended to show linear decreases in agreeableness across 4 years of unemployment.
“women tended to show linear decreases in agreeableness across 4 years of unemployment”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), the effects were specific to the relatively small group of individuals who remained unemployed; no differences were found between individuals who were reemployed and those who remained employed during the study period.
“Also, these effects were specific to the relatively small group of individuals who remained unemployed; no differences were found between individuals who were reemployed and those who remained employed during the study period.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), women showed a nonlinear pattern in conscientiousness with increases in the early and late stages of unemployment but decreases in the medium term.
“whereas women showed a nonlinear pattern with increases in the early and late stages of unemployment but decreases in the medium term.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)
In Boyce et al. (2015), men's openness seemed to slightly increase during the first 2 years of unemployment, then start to decrease with longer time spent unemployed.
“While men's openness seemed to slightly increase during the first 2 years of unemployment, they start to decrease with longer time spent unemployed.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Boyce et al. (2015)

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Layoffs and unemployment discrimination: a new stigma
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The Measurement of Self‐Esteem, Stress‐Related Life Events, and Locus of Control Among Unemployed and Employed Blue‐Collar Workers
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Applying Longitudinal Mean and Covariance Structures (LMACS) Analysis to Assess Construct Stability Over Two Time Points
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Life Events and Personality Trait Change.
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Advances in the Treatment of Context in Organizational Research
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Transactions between life events and personality traits across the adult lifespan.
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Beyond Academic Learning
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Mindfulness in Information Technology Use: Definitions, Distinctions, and A New Measure1
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Extraversion advantages at work: A quantitative review and synthesis of the meta-analytic evidence.
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Multicultural Experiences: A Systematic Review and New Theoretical Framework
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Life Events and Personality Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
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Assessment framework of the OECD Study on Social and Emotional Skills
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Article Commentary: Research on the Dark Side of Personality Traits in Entrepreneurship: Observations from an Organizational Behavior Perspective
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Personality traits and career choices among physicians in Finland: employment sector, clinical patient contact, specialty and change of specialty
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Can becoming a leader change your personality? An investigation with two longitudinal studies from a role-based perspective.
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Personality Change: Implications for Organizational Behavior
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Sketching the Contours of State Authenticity
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Temperament and brain networks of attention
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The role of personality in health care use: Results of a population-based longitudinal study in Germany
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Adolescent conscientiousness predicts lower lifetime unemployment.
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Future directions in personality, occupational and medical selection: myths, misunderstandings, measurement, and suggestions
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Involuntary job loss and changes in personality traits
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Integrating whole trait theory and self‐determination theory
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The Emotional Timeline of Unemployment: Anticipation, Reaction, and Adaptation
von Scheve, C., Esche, F., & Schupp, J. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9773-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Personality and pay: do gender gaps in confidence explain gender gaps in wages?
Risse, L., Farrell, L., & Fry, T. R. L. (2018) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpy021 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Invest-and-Accrue Model of Conscientiousness
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Does intergroup contact affect personality? A longitudinal study on the bidirectional relationship between intergroup contact and personality traits
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For better or for worse: The moderating effects of personality on the marriage-life satisfaction link
Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., & Ferguson, E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Individual Differences in Loss Aversion
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Why do economists study happiness?
Piekałkiewicz, M. (2017) · The Economic and Labour Relations Review · doi:10.1177/1035304617717130 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Family matters: The effects of parental unemployment in early childhood and adolescence on subjective well-being later in life
Nikolova, M., & Nikolaev, B. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.05.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Biased by success and failure: How unemployment shapes locus of control
Preuß, M., & Hennecke, J. (2018) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.05.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The process and mechanisms of personality change
Jackson, J. J., & Wright, A. J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00295-z · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Minds and Behaviors at Work: Boosting Socioemotional Skills for Latin America’s Workforce
Cunningham, W., Acosta, P. A., & Muller, N. (2016) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0884-5 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Life events sometimes alter the trajectory of personality development: Effect sizes for 25 life events estimated using a large, frequently assessed sample
Dugan, K. A., Vogt-Yerem, R. L., Zheng, A., Gillath, O., Deboeck, P. R., Fraley, R. C., & Briley, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12837 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Economic Stress and Occupational Health
Sinclair, R. R., Graham, B. A., & Probst, T. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-091922-020639 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Beyond Qualifications: Returns to Cognitive and Socio-Emotional Skills in Colombia
Sarzosa, M., Acosta, P. A., & Muller, N. (2015) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7430 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Great Recession and subjective well-being: How did the life satisfaction of people living in the United Kingdom change following the financial crisis?
Boyce, C. J., Delaney, L. D., & Wood, A. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201215 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Political Orientation is Associated with Behavior in Public-Goods- and Trust-Games
Grünhage, T., & Reuter, M. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09606-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Childhood general cognitive ability predicts leadership role occupancy across life: Evidence from 17,000 cohort study participants
Daly, M., Egan, M., & O’Reilly, F. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Coping with Unemployment: The Impact of Unemployment Duration and Personality on Trajectories of Life Satisfaction
Hahn, E., Specht, J., Gottschling, J., & Spinath, F. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2034 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Neo-Socioanalytic Model of Personality Development
Nye, C. D., & Roberts, B. (2019) · Work Across the Lifespan · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812756-8.00003-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Same but Different: Understanding Entrepreneurial Behaviour in Disadvantaged Communities
Cooney, T. M., & Licciardi, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04402-2_13 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Educational Psychology
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Personality Traits and Perceptions of Major Life Events
Rakhshani, A. C., Lucas, R. E., Donnellan, M. B., Faßbender, I., & Luhmann, M. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211045825 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Social Value of Job Loss and Its Effect on the Costs of U.S. Environmental Regulations
Bartik, T. J. (2015) · Review of Environmental Economics and Policy · doi:10.1093/reep/rev002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Personality Neuroscience
DeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth
Weststrate, N. M., Jayawickreme, E., & Wrzus, C. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211062327 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Personality development in reaction to major life events
Specht, J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00021-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Unemployment persistence: How important are non-cognitive skills?
Cuesta, M. B., & Budría, S. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2017.05.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The mediating effects of ego-resilience in the relationship between organizational support and resistance to change
Ferreira, A. I., Cardoso, C. S. D. F. L. P., & Braun, T. (2017) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-06-2017-0171 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Why Parental Unemployment Matters for Children’s Educational Attainment: Empirical Evidence from The Netherlands
Mooi‐Reci, I., Bakker, B., Curry, M., & Wooden, M. (2019) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcz002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How do Personality and Social Structures Interact with Each other to Predict Important Life Outcomes? The Importance of Accounting for Personality Change
Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., Delaney, L. D., & Ferguson, E. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2099 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Emotional Toll of Long-Term Unemployment: Examining the Interaction Effects of Gender and Marital Status
Başbuğ, G., & Sharone, O. (2017) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.3.10 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stress-related changes in personality: A longitudinal study of perceived stress and trait pessimism
Shields, G. S., Toussaint, L. L., & Slavich, G. M. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Growth all along the road? Personality development and international contacts of (in)experienced sojourners
Zimmermann, J., Greischel, H., Jonkmann, K., & Neyer, F. J. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207020988439 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Personality and Emotion
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Psychological Thought psyct.psychopen.eu | 2193-7281 Research Articles Unemployment and Possible Alterations of Personality Traits: The Case of the General Causality Orientations
Marius Drugaş, A. (2013)

Authors: Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., Daly, M., & Sedikides, C.
Affiliations: University of Stirling (GB)
University of Southampton (GB)
ORCID: Boyce, Christopher J.
Wood, Alex M.
Daly, Michael
Sedikides, Constantine
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2015
Volume: 100
Issue: 4
Pages: 991-1011
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/a0038647
OpenAlex: W2128222599
Cited by: 231
References: 143
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12
FWCI: 29.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (PTA-026-27-2665, ES/K00588X/1)
University of Stirling
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: unemployment, personality change, Big Five personality traits, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, life events, reemployment, latent change models
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Unemployment, Young Adult

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Personality change following unemployment.

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