Improving homework performance among children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Evidence indicates that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience acute and prolonged academic impairment and underachievement including marked difficulty with completing homework. This study is the first to examine the effects of behavioral, psychostimulant, and combined treatments on homework problems, which have been shown to predict academic performance longitudinally. METHOD: Children with ADHD (ages 5-12, N = 75, 71% male, 83% Hispanic/Latino) and their families were randomly assigned to either behavioral treatment (homework-focused parent training and a daily report card; BPT + DRC) or a waitlist control group. Children also participated in a concurrent psychostimulant crossover trial conducted in a summer treatment program. Children's objective homework completion and accuracy were measured as well as parent-reported child homework behaviors and parenting skills. RESULTS: BPT + DRC had large effects on objective measures of homework completion and accuracy (Cohen's ds from 1.40 to 2.21, ps < .001). Other findings, including unimodal medication and incremental combined treatment benefits, were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral treatment focused on homework problems results in clear benefits for children's homework completion and accuracy (the difference between passing and failing, on average), whereas long-acting stimulant medication resulted in limited and largely nonsignificant acute effects on homework performance. (PsycINFO Database Record
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The dissociation between robust effects on seatwork productivity/classroom behavior and no effect on learning cautions against assuming that medication will improve other educational outcomes before the effect on these outcomes has been systematically verified.
“The clear dissociation between these measures (on which there were robust, consistent effects) and learning from an academic curriculum (on which there was no effect) cautions against assuming that medication will improve other educational outcomes (e.g. homework completion; Merrill et al., 2017) before the effect on these outcomes has been systematically verified.”
From The effect of stimulant medication on the learning of academic curricula in children with ADHD: A randomized crossover study. (2022) · cites this paper as Merrill et al., 2017
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Laswandi, H., & Mularsih, H. (2021) · Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial Humaniora dan Seni · doi:10.24912/jmishumsen.v5i1.7742.2021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intervenção multiprofissional no paciente com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade
Silva, M. E. W. D. B., Nojosa, S. D. S., Santos, D. G., Lira, T. M. D. S., Costa, C. J. G., Perna, K. R. B., Silva, M. T., Pimenta, D. G., de Pádua, G. P., Máximo, K. N., et al. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences · doi:10.36557/2674-8169.2023v5n4p2207-2218 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Martin, C. P., & Hoza, B. (2020) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44226-2_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shamsi, A., & Ghamarani, A. (2021) · Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.52547/rbs.18.4.577 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Altszuler, A. R. (2019) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc007831
Self-citationMorrow, A. S. (2019) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc007710
Self-citationMind Wandering as a Mechanism of Attentional Dysfunction among Children with ADHD
Merrill, B. M. (2020) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc008991
Self-citationAcademic Motivation in Children with ADHD
Butala, B. A. (2019)
Transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade e desempenho acadêmico:
Filho, C. R. C., de Almeida, M. I. R., Saintrain, M. V. D. L., & Abdon, A. P. V. (2023) · Conhecer debate entre o público e o privado · doi:10.32335/2238-0426.2023.13.30.9692
Fabiano, G. A., Merrill, B. M., & Tower, D. (2025) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2025.2562884
Self-citation
- Authors
- Merrill, B. M., Morrow, A. S., Altszuler, A. R., Macphee, F. L., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Coles, E. K., Raiker, J. S., Coxe, S., & Pelham, W. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-122
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC5280087
- OpenAlex
- W2520349159
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH099030, MH092466, MH101096, MH083692)
- Institute of Education Sciences (R324J060024, R324B060045, R324A120136, R324A120169, LO3000065A)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11873)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA12414)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, homework completion, parent training, behavioral interventions, psychostimulants, long-acting stimulants, combination therapy, academic performance, parenting skills, children
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Treatment Outcome, Cross-Over Studies
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