Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability
Open accessAbstract
A new mental health disorder, prolonged grief disorder (PGD), will be included in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). We provide a brief overview of the historical conceptualizations of disordered grief and the previous research efforts to assess and define this condition. We describe the new ICD-11 PGD symptom criteria and how they are conceptualized in terms of the World Health Organization's call for improved clinical utility. Finally, we review the research evidence for the clinical utility of the new ICD-11 PGD symptom structure and usability in the international arena.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
PGD has been included in ICD-11 with a time criterion of 6 months following bereavement.
“Recently, PGD has been included in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11) (Killikelly and Maercker, 2017;Prigerson et al., 2009;World Health Organization, 2018) with a time criterium of 6 months following bereavement.”
From The prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in bereaved individuals following unnatural losses: Systematic review and meta regression analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Killikelly and Maercker, 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
(2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd · Cited by 13,703 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., et al. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Self-citationInventory of complicated grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss.
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J., & Miller, M. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Treatment of Complicated Grief: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Shear, K., Frank, E., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.21.2601 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5
Shear, M. K., Simon, N. M., Wall, M. M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R. A., Duan, N., Reynolds, C. F., Lebowitz, B. D., Sung, S. C., Ghesquiere, A., et al. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20780 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lundorff, M., Holmgren, H., Zachariae, R., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & O’Connor, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.904 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample.
Kersting, A., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., & Wagner, B. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.032 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Consensus criteria for traumatic grief: A preliminary empirical test
Prigerson, H. G., Shear, M. K., Jacobs, S. C., Reynolds, C. F., Maciejewski, P. K., Davidson, J. R. T., Rosenheck, R., Pilkonis, P. A., Wortman, C. B., Williams, J. B. W., et al. (1999) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.174.1.67 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Shear, M. K. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1315618 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Reed, G. M., van Ommeren, M., Humayun, A., Jones, L. M., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62191-6 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citationCan neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?
Hyman, S. E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2218 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Bereavement and Mental Health after Sudden and Violent Losses: A Review
Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2012) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2012.75.1.76 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know
ZISOOK, S., & SHEAR, K. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.x · Cited by 451 · see citing works
First, M. B., Reed, G. M., Hyman, S. E., & Saxena, S. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20189 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
The WPA‐WHO Global Survey of Psychiatrists’ Attitudes Towards Mental Disorders Classification
Reed, G. M., Correia, J., Esparza, P., Saxena, S., & Maj, M. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00034.x · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Optimizing Treatment of Complicated Grief: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Wang, Y., Mauro, C., Duan, N., Lebowitz, B., & Skritskaya, N. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0892 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
de Santana, C. L. A. (2018) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000206 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Maciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20348 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationA case for inclusion of prolonged grief disorder in DSM-V.
Prigerson, H. G., Vanderwerker, L. C., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2008) · Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention. · doi:10.1037/14498-008 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Treatment of Complicated Grief in Elderly Persons: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Shear, M. K., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C., & Ghesquiere, A. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1242 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance
Shear, K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C., & Sillowash, R. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0745-z · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Shear, K. M., Jackson, C. T., Essock, S. M., Donahue, S. A., & Felton, C. J. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.9.1291 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Treating Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Bryant, R. A., Kenny, L., Joscelyne, A., Rawson, N., Maccallum, F., Cahill, C., Hopwood, S., Aderka, I., & Nickerson, A. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Reed, G. M. (2010) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0021701 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder: Diagnostic, assessment, and treatment considerations.
Jordan, A. H., & Litz, B. T. (2014) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0036836 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Network analysis of persistent complex bereavement disorder in conjugally bereaved adults.
Robinaugh, D. J., LeBlanc, N. J., Vuletich, H. A., & McNally, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000002 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Kersting, A., Dölemeyer, R., Steinig, J., Walter, F., Kroker, K., Baust, K., & Wagner, B. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000348713 · Cited by 210 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, there have been several successful randomized controlled trials of treatments for CG (Shear, Frank, Houck, & Reynolds, 2005; Shear et al., 2016, 2014) and PGD (Bryant et al., 2014; Kersting et al., 2013; Litz et al., 2014; Rosner, Pfoh, Kotoučová, & Hagl, 2014).”
BackgroundPathological grief: diagnosis and explanation.
Horowitz, M. J., Bonanno, G. A., & Holen, A. (1993) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199305000-00004 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Grief across cultures: A review and research agenda.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (2008) · Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention. · doi:10.1037/14498-010 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A., van de Schoot, R., van den Hout, M., de Keijser, J., & van den Bout, J. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.076 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Evans, S. C., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Esparza, P., Watts, A., Correia, J., Ritchie, P. L. ‐., Maj, M., & Saxena, S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2013.804189 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Keeley, J. W., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Evans, S. C., Medina-Mora, M. E., Robles, R., Rebello, T., Sharan, P., Gureje, O., First, M. B., et al. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0039972 · Cited by 173 · cited 11× · see citing works
“There are still significant questions concerning the application of this definition to different cultural groups and across the lifespan (Keeley et al., 2016; Reed et al., 2011; Robles et al., 2014; Schaal, Jacob,Dusingizemungu,&Elbert, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClayton, P. J. (2004) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195152746.003.0009 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-2374 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Litz, B. T., Schorr, Y., Delaney, E., Au, T., Papa, A., Fox, A. B., Morris, S., Nickerson, A., Block, S., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Treatment of complicated grief
Rosner, R., Pfoh, G., & Kotoučová, M. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7995 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Keeley, J. W., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Evans, S. C., Robles, R., Matsumoto, C., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Perkonigg, A., Rousseau, C., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.09.002 · Cited by 134 · cited 8× · see citing works
“There are still significant questions concerning the application of this definition to different cultural groups and across the lifespan (Keeley et al., 2016; Reed et al., 2011; Robles et al., 2014; Schaal, Jacob,Dusingizemungu,&Elbert, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRosner, R., Pfoh, G., Kotoučová, M., & Hagl, M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.035 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
On the classification and diagnosis of pathological grief
Stroebe, M., van Son, M. J. M., Stroebe, W., Kleber, R. J., Schut, H. A. W., & van den Bout, J. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00089-0 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Prolonged grief and depression after unnatural loss: latent class analyses and cognitive correlates
Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., J. Djelantik, A. A. A. M., & Smid, G. E. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.012 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Rates and risks for prolonged grief disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors.
Schaal, S., Jacob, N., Dusingizemungu, J.-P., & Elbert, T. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-55 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Complicated grief: When the path of adjustment leads to a dead-end
Prigerson, H. (2004) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682620408657612 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Comparison of two diagnostic systems for Complicated Grief
Forstmeier, S., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.013 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic and clinical considerations in prolonged grief disorder
Maercker, A. R. A., & Lalor, J. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.2/amaercker · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationTol, W. A., Barbui, C., Bisson, J., Cohen, J., Hijazi, Z., Jones, L., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Magrini, N., Omigbodun, O., Seedat, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001769 · Cited by 83 · cited 3× · see citing works
“When considering low- and middle-income countries, where there is a high prevalence of stress-related disorders, these challenges are compounded by a lack of resources and a potential reluctance to adopt new practices without increased support (Tol et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHinton, D. E., Field, N. P., Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., & Simon, N. M. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.692457 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M., & van den Bout, J. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.018 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cozza, S. J., Fisher, J. E., Mauro, C., Zhou, J. W., Ortiz, C. D., Skritskaya, N. A., Wall, M. M., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Shear, M. K. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111442 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Efficacy of an integrative CBT for prolonged grief disorder: A long-term follow-up
Rosner, R., Bartl, H., Pfoh, G., Kotoučová, M., & Hagl, M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.051 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Features of Prolonged Grief Symptoms in Chinese and Swiss Bereaved Parents
Xiu, D., Maercker, A., Woynar, S., Geirhofer, B., Yang, Y., & Jia, X. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000539 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationBryant, R. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000031 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.021 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Rebuilding Consensus on Valid Criteria for Disordered Grief
Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0293 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The role of religion in bereavement.
Hays, J. C., & Hendrix, C. C. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14498-016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Prolonged, but not complicated, grief is a mental disorder
Maciejewski, P. K., & Prigerson, H. G. (2017) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.196238 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Importance of Considering Clinical Utility in the Construction of a Diagnostic Manual
Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N., Lengel, G. J., & DeShong, H. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092954 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Clinical aspects of a DSM complicated grief diagnosis: Challenges, dilemmas, and opportunities.
Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., & Witztum, E. (2008) · Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention. · doi:10.1037/14498-009 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mauro, C., Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Skritskaya, N. A., Wang, Y., Lebowitz, B. D., Duan, N., First, M. B., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002749 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Robles, R., Fresán, A., Evans, S. C., Lovell, A. M., Medina-Mora, M. E., Maj, M., & Reed, G. M. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.03.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Diagnosis of Complicated Grief as a Mental Disorder: A Critical Appraisal
Wagner, B., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-1-2-27 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationClinically Relevant Diagnostic Criteria for a Persistent Impairing Grief Disorder
Reynolds, C. F., Cozza, S. J., & Shear, M. K. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0290 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Maj, M. (2014) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796014000572 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Depression and complicated grief.
Maercker, A. R. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & Simiola, V. (2017) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/0000019-011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Prigerson H. (2004). Complicated grief. Bereavement Care, 23(3), 38– 40.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Smid, G. E., Mroz, A., Kleber, R. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.034 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Prolonged Grief Disorder: Course, Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Szuhany, K. L., Malgaroli, M., Miron, C. D., & Simon, N. M. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20200052 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and <i>DSM</i> -5-TR: Challenges and controversies
Eisma, M. C. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674231154206 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Zhou, N., Merzhvynska, M., Stelzer, E., Dotschung, T., Rohner, S., Sun, L. H., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.057 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationGrief: A Brief History of Research on How Body, Mind, and Brain Adapt
O'Connor, M. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000717 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Trajectories of grief: Comparing symptoms from the <i>DSM‐5</i> and ICD‐11 diagnoses
Bonanno, G. A., & Malgaroli, M. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22902 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Comparison of six proposed diagnostic criteria sets for disturbed grief
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112786 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Diolaiuti, F., Marazziti, D., Beatino, M. F., Mucci, F., & Pozza, A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113916 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Assessing prolonged grief disorder: A systematic review of assessment instruments.
Treml, J., Kaiser, J., Plexnies, A., & Kersting, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.049 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kokou‐Kpolou, C. K., Moukouta, C. S., Masson, J., Bernoussi, A., Cénat, J. M., & Bacque, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.026 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Grief in family carers of people living with dementia: A systematic review
Crawley, S., Sampson, E. L., Moore, K. J., Kupeli, N., & West, E. (2022) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221002787 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Prolonged Grief Disorder and the Cultural Crisis
Stelzer, E., Zhou, N., Maercker, A. R. A., O'Connor, M., & Killikelly, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02982 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, K. V., & Ehlers, A. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000438 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Bauer, S., & Maercker, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01957 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationThe importance of harmonising diagnostic criteria sets for pathological grief
Lenferink, L. I. M., Boelen, P. A., Smid, G. E., & Paap, M. C. S. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.240 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Eisma, M. C., Rosner, R., & Comteße, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00752 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Comteße, H., & Rosner, R. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1591330 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Smith, K. V., Zhou, N., Prigerson, H. G., O'Connor, M., Kokou‐Kpolou, C. K., Boelen, P. A., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00354-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, N., Wen, J., Stelzer, E., Killikelly, C., Yu, W., Xu, X. Y., Shi, G., Luo, H., Wang, J., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112766 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationIt's Complicated—Adolescent Grief in the Time of Covid-19
Weinstock, L., Dunda, D., Harrington, H., & Nelson, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.638940 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Traumatic loss: Mental health consequences and implications for treatment and prevention
Boelen, P. A., Olff, M., & Smid, G. E. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1591331 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Lorenz, L., Bauer, S., Shamir, M. M., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of bereavement groups–a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maaß, U., Hofmann, L., Perlinger, J., & Wagner, B. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1772410 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., & Witztum, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.537596 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A., Spuij, M., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.046 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Examination of the new ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder guidelines across five international samples
Killikelly, C., Merzhvynska, M., Zhou, N., Stelzer, E., Hyland, P., Rocha, J., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.4159 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of prolonged grief disorder in a sample of female refugees
Steil, R., Gutermann, J., Harrison, O., Starck, A., Schwartzkopff, L., Schouler-Ocak, M., & Stangier, U. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2136-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deconstructing grief: a sociological analysis of Prolonged Grief Disorder
Lund, P. C. (2020) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-020-00135-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Different Trajectories of Prolonged Grief in Bereaved Family Members After Terror
Kristensen, P., Dyregrov, K., & Gjestad, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.545368 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., & Ehlers, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248852 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Measurement and assessment of grief in a large international sample
Killikelly, C., Kagialis, A., Henneman, S., Coronado, H., Demanarig, D. L. L., Farahani, H., Özdoğru, A. A., Yalçın, B., Yockey, R. A., Gosnell, C. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.095 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationA framework of meaning attribution following loss
Smid, G. E. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1776563 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Culturally sensitive grief treatment and support: A scoping review
Aeschlimann, A., Heim, E., Killikelly, C., Arafa, M., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100325 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBaumann, I., Künzel, J., Goldbeck, L., Tutus, D., & Niemitz, M. (2020) · Omega · doi:10.1177/0030222820918674 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety and Post-traumatic Growth Among Bereaved Adults: A Latent Class Analysis
Li, J., Sun, Y., Maccallum, F., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575311 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Commentary on Evidence in Support of a Grief Related Condition as a DSM Diagnosis
Simon, N., Shear, K., Reynolds, C., Cozza, S. J., Mauro, C. M., Zisook, S., Skritskaya, N., Robinaugh, D., Malgaroli, M., Spandorfer, J., et al. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22985 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lundorff, M., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.116 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hopf, D., Eckstein, M., Aguilar‐Raab, C., Warth, M., & Ditzen, B. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12887 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed dying and grief: Will there be a surge of complicated grief?
Jordan, T. R., Wotring, A. J., McAfee, C. A., Polavarapu, M., Cegelka, D., Wagner-Greene, V. R., & Hamdan, Z. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1929571 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: differences in prevalence and diagnostic criteria
Treml, J., Linde, K., Brähler, E., & Kersting, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1266132 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ben‐Ezra, M., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Maercker, A. R. A., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Lavenda, O., Shamir, M. M., & Shevlin, M. E. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1720972 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationLoss and grief in elderly people: Results from the LIFE-Adult-Study
Treml, J., Linde, K., Engel, C., Glaesmer, H., Hinz, A., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Sander, C., & Kersting, A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1824203 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The International Grief Questionnaire (IGQ): A new measure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder
Hyland, P., Redican, E., Karatzias, T., & Shevlin, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22986 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yehene, E., Manevich, A., & Rubin, S. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676536 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fieldsend, M., & Smith, J. A. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa033 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Aoun, S. M., Kissane, D. W., Cafarella, P., Rumbold, B. D., Hogden, A., Jiang, L., & Bear, N. (2020) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2020.1790610 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nielsen, M. K., Christensen, K. S., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M.-B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.537674 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Complicated Grief Following the Traumatic Loss of a Child: A Systematic Review
Champion, M. J., & Kilcullen, M. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231170417 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child
Zhang, H.-H., Shang, Z.-L., Wu, L.-L., Sun, Z.-E., Zhang, F., Sun, L.-N., Zhou, Y.-G., Wang, Y., & Liu, W.-Z. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1726071 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pizzoli, S. F. M., Monzani, D., Vergani, L., Sanchini, V., & Mazzocco, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02158-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Stelzer, E., Höltge, J., Zhou, N., Maercker, A. R. A., & Killikelly, C. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152211 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSveen, J., Pohlkamp, L., Kreicbergs, U. C., & Eisma, M. C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213152 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comteße, H., Vogel, A., Kersting, A., Rief, W., Steil, R., & Rosner, R. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1694348 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Circulating levels of oxytocin may be elevated in complicated grief: a pilot study
Bui, É., Hellberg, S. N., Hoeppner, S. S., Rosencrans, P. L., Young, A., Ross, R., Hoge, E. A., & Simon, N. M. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1646603 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Schaefer, M. R., Spencer, S. K., Barnett, M. D., Reynolds, N. C., & Madan‐Swain, A. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2018.0329 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Widening the scope: defining and treating moral injury in diverse populations
ter Heide, F. J. J., & Olff, M. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2196899 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
From loss to disorder: The influence of maladaptive coping on prolonged grief
Smith, K. V., Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116060 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Legacy Building in Pediatric End-of-Life Care through Innovative Use of a Digital Stethoscope
Andrews, E., Hayes, A., Cerulli, L., Miller, E. G., & Slamon, N. B. (2020) · Palliative Medicine Reports · doi:10.1089/pmr.2020.0028 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2023) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.7655 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWhich considerations are lost when debating the prolonged grief disorder diagnosis?
Bergsmark, L. P. S., & Ramsing, F. (2023) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593543231172193 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Williams, J. L., Hardt, M. M., Henschel, A. V., & Eddinger, J. R. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lacour, O., Morina, N., Spaaij, J., Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., von Känel, R., Bryant, R. A., & Schick, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00526 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Valid ICD-11 PGD Scales and Structured Clinical Interviews Needed
O’Connor, M., Larsen, L. H., Joensen, B. V., Boelen, P. A., Maccallum, F., Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., & Bryant, R. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01120 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Letter Writing as a Clinical Tool in Grief Psychotherapy
Larsen, L. H. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211070155 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Peinado, V., Valiente, C., Contreras, A., Trucharte, A., Butter, S., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. E. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12951 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sveen, J., Bondjers, K., Heinsoo, J., & Arnberg, F. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.541789 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tang, R., Xie, T., Jiao, K., Xu, X. Y., Zou, X., Qian, W., & Wang, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179061 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
O’Riordan, D., Boland, G., Guérin, S., & Dodd, P. C. (2022) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12973 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“If only…”: Counterfactual thinking in bereavement
Neimeyer, R. A., Pitcho‐Prelorentzos, S., & Shamir, M. M. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1679959 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Drabwell, L., Eng, J., Stevenson, F. A., King, M., Osborn, D., & Pitman, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030677 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Doering, B. K., Boelen, P. A., Eisma, M. C., & Barke, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620987 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Somatic symptom distress and ICD-11 prolonged grief in a large intercultural sample
Hennemann, S., Killikelly, C., Hyland, P., Maercker, A., & Witthöft, M. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2254584 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAn investigation of approach behaviour in Prolonged Grief
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.05.002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Choi, H., & Cho, S.-M. (2019) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764019894607 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Hasenöhrl, A., Stelzer, E., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2022) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-022-09781-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEisma, M. C., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1512249 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comparing the nature of grief and growth in bereaved, divorced, and unemployed individuals
Klurfeld, Z. B., Buqo, T., Sanderson, W. C., & Ward‐Ciesielski, E. F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder, physical health, and somatic problems: A systematic review
Cunningham, J., Shevlin, M. E., Cerda, C., & McElroy, E. (2025) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.14351 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Understanding mothers’ experiences of positive changes after neonatal death
Waugh, A., Kiemle, G., & Slade, P. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1528124 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The meaning in loss protocol: A clinical trial of online grief therapy
Batista, J., Alves, D., Pires, N., Silva, J. R., Mendes, I., Magalhães, C., Rosa, C., Oliveira, J. T., Gonçalves, M. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2370633 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Feasibility and acceptability of a mobile app for prolonged grief disorder symptoms
Aeschlimann, A., Gordillo, N., Ueno, T., Maercker, A. R. A., & Killikelly, C. (2024) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.10881 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSurkan, P. J., Garrison‐Desany, H. M., Rimal, D., Luitel, N. P., Kim, Y., Prigerson, H. G., Shrestha, S., Tol, W. A., & Murray, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychotropic medication among children who experience parental death to cancer
Høeg, B. L., Christensen, J., Banko, L., Frederiksen, K., Appel, C., Dalton, S. O., Dyregrov, A., Guldin, M., Jørgensen, S. E., Lytje, M., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01846-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Van Duppen, Z., & Sienaert, P. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108776660 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unterhitzenberger, J., Sachser, C., & Rosner, R. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22499 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cultural adaptation of an internet-based self-help app for grieving Syrian refugees in Switzerland
Aeschlimann, A., Heim, E., Hoxha, A., Triantafyllidou, V., Killikelly, C., Haji, F., Stoeckli, R. T., Aebersold, M., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20507-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationProlonged Grief Disorder and the DSM
Zachar, P., First, M. B., & Kendler, K. S. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001618 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Willi, N., Pancoast, A., Drikaki, I., Gu, X.-Y., Gillanders, D., & Finucane, A. (2024) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-024-01390-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder in bereaved parents: Exploring impacts and treatment pathways
Yaffe, Y., & Levkovich, I. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104711 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of Grief Traits and State Scale for Nurses to Measure Levels of Grief
Betriana, F., Tanioka, T., Yokotani, T., Nakano, Y., Ito, H., Yasuhara, Y., Zhao, Y., & Locsin, R. C. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211036862 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814171 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Büssing, A., & Baumann, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1230198 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Payás-Puigarnau, A., Fernández‐Alcántara, M., Coelho, A., Pérez‐Marfil, M. N., Cruz‐Quintana, F., Camacho, D., Montesano, A., & Cabañero‐Martínez, M. J. (2023) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100373 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Thimm, J. C., Kristensen, P., Aulie, I. F., Larsen, I. M., & Johnsen, I. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2950 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Haider, N.-U.-A., & Zaman, N. I. (2024) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.13131 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Treml, J., & Kersting, A. (2018) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-018-0577-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Rimal, D., Angela, K. C., Shrestha, S., Luitel, N. P., Prigerson, H. G., Tol, W. A., & Surkan, P. J. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520949005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Goveas, J. S., Hwang, G., Blair, N. P., Stein, E. A., & Reynolds, C. F. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02329-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Primary victims of the Sandy Hook Murders: “I usually cry when I say 26”
Cacciatore, J., & Kurker, S. F. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105165 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Killikelly, C., & Maercker, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Department of Psychology, Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
- Killikelly, Clare
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-12-29
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- sup6
- Pages
- 1476441-1476441
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5990943
- OpenAlex
- W2898818716
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 25.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- prolonged grief disorder, ICD-11, clinical utility, symptom criteria, diagnostic classification, international applicability, bereavement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review