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Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior

Thompson, Richard F., Spencer, William A.·1966·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/h0022681

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“…SEs learning studies have shown that dishabituation induces rebound of responses to habituated stimuli after the presentation of novel ones (e.g., Thompson and Spencer 1966; Pinsker et al. 1979) which indicates that one-trial rehabituation is not a necessary condition for the demonstration of…”
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“Habituation of a neural response to repeated exposure to sensory stimuli is a well-documented phenomenon (Siddle, 1991; Sokolov, 1963; Thompson and Spencer, 1966), particularly during emotional processing.”
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“…ancient mechanism of neuronal plasticity and non-associative learning whereby behavioral and physiological responses during initial exposure to a stimulus diminish with repeated presentations of that stimulus (Grissom & Bhatnagar, 2009; Leussis & Bolivar, 2006; Thompson & Spencer, 1966).”
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“The Silver Carp habituated quickly to the pure tones as they demonstrated the characteristic decrease in responsiveness upon repeated exposure to the stimuli (Rankin et al. 2008; Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
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“Habituation (with or without sensitization) is ubiquitous in many parts of the mammalian brain such as the motor (Thompson & Spencer, 1966; Egger, 1978), visual (Peterzell, 1993), auditory (Davis et al. 1982; Pilz & Schnitzler, 1996), olfactory (Wilson, 1998), appetitive (Bassareo & Di Chiara,…”
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“Therefore, the waning response to lemon is probably due to a short-term experiential process, such as habituation (Jeffrey & Cohen, 1971; Thompson & Spencer, 1966 ).”
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“According to Thompson and Spencer (8), habituation is closely related to stimulus intensity, frequency and intrinsic factors such as arousal.”
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“Thompson and Spencer (1966) provided a list of criteria useful in identifying response decrement to stimulus repetition as habituation, a reversible process, rather than relatively irreversible processes such as fatigue or a neuronal refractory cycle phenomenon.”
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“In a classic review of the earlier literature, Thompson and Spencer (1966) outlined several critical characteristics of habituation.”
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“It is considered one of the simplest forms of learning (Groves & Thompson, 1970; Harris, 1943; Thompson & Spencer, 1966) and is found in all phyla of the animal kingdom (Bailey & Kandel, 2008; Colombo & Mitchell, 2009; Engel & Wu, 2009; Giles & Rankin, 2009; Leussis & Bolivar, 2006).”
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“…into the A2 state results in a long-term form of habituation, because rather than being dependent on how recently a stimulus was experienced (as is the case for short-term habituation), the level of A2 activation is dependent on the strength of the association that was formed between stimuli.”
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“The habituation effect is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations [44].”
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“The overall decrease in response observed with repeated monotonous stimulation fulfilled parametric criteria expected from habituation (Thompson and Spencer, 1966) which is the most elementary form of learning.”
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Background
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“Habituation is a simple form of learning characterized by a reduction of response amplitude over the course of repeated exposures to a stimulus (Groves and Thompson 1970; Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
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Hyperexcitability of the primary somatosensory cortex in migraine--a magnetoencephalographic study
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Influence of experiential factors and gonadal hormones on pituitary-adrenal response of the mouse to novelty and electric shock.
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“Originally, habituation was defined as a decrease in response upon repeated peripheral sensory stimulation and has been considered to be a primitive form of learning (Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
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“Habituation is a nonassociative form of learning during which an organism decreases its responsiveness to a repeated stimulus [25,26].”
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The habituation of sexual arousal
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“Habituation can be defined as a systematic decrease in the magnitude of a response with repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus, when that decrease cannot be accounted for in terms of fatigue or receptor adaptation (Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
BackgroundInfluential
Pharmacological and anatomical dissociation of two types of habituation.
Williams, J. M., Hamilton, L. W., & Carlton, P. L. (1974) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036963 · Cited by 94
A Behavioral Homeostasis Theory of Habituation and Sensitization: II. Further Developments and Predictions
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“A theoretical framework of the concept of habituation has been laid by Thompson and Spencer (1966), and by the dual process theory of Groves and Thompson (1970), which describes habituation and sensitization as two independent processes that interact to yield the ﬁnal behavioral outcome.”
Background
The Developing Utility of Zebrafish in Modeling Neurobehavioral Disorders
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“…rodents (Bolivar, 2009; File & Mabbutt, 1990; Leussis & Bolivar, 2006; Ohl, Roedel, Storch, Holsboer, & Landgraf, 2002; Platel & Porsolt, 1982; Thompson & Spencer, 1966), habituation has not been extensively evaluated in zebrafish until recently (Best et al., 2008; Egan et al., 2009b; Gerlai,…”
Background
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“The intensity of the habituating stimulus determines the rate of habituation (Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
Lack of habituation of nociceptive evoked responses and pain sensitivity during migraine attack
de Tommaso, M., sito, L. L., Difruscolo, O., Sardaro, M., Prudenzano, M. P., Lamberti, P., & Livrea, P. (2005) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.02.018 · Cited by 91
Adaptation and habituation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in intact and inferior olive-lesioned rats
Tempia, F., Dieringer, N., & Strata, P. (1991) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00230530 · Cited by 91
“Secondly, most of the parametric features characteristic for this type of behavioral modification listed by Thompson and Spencer (1966) are present.”
Background
Short-term memory in habituation and dishabituation.
Whitlow, J. W. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.1.3.189 · Cited by 91
Habituation Is More Than Learning to Ignore: Multiple Mechanisms Serve to Facilitate Shifts in Behavioral Strategy
McDiarmid, T. A., Yu, A. J., & Rankin, C. H. (2019) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201900077 · Cited by 96
Neural modulation of visuomotor functions underlying prey-catching behaviour in anurans: perception, attention, motor performance, learning
Ewert, J. ‐., Buxbaum-Conradi, H., Dreisvogt, F., Glagow, M., Merkel-Harff, C., Röttgen, A., Schürg-Pfeiffer, E., & Schwippert, W. W. (2001) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00333-0 · Cited by 90
Habituation of female sexual arousal to slides and film
Laan, E. T. M., & Everaerd, W. T. A. M. (1995) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01541832 · Cited by 90
“Thompson and Spencer (1966) defined habituation as a systematic decrease in the magnitude of a response as a result of repeated stimulation, provided that the decrement is not attributable to neural adaptation or fatigue.”
Background
Spatial memory tasks in rodents: what do they model?
Morellini, F. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1668-9 · Cited by 96
Olfactory bulb habituation to odor stimuli.
Chaudhury, D., Manella, L. C., Arellanos, A., Escanilla, O., Cleland, T. A., & Linster, C. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0020293 · Cited by 97
“The behavioral change also occurs in short-term and long-term forms in several organisms (Harris, 1943; Thompson and Spencer, 1966; Carew and Sahley, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluential
A Genome-wide Screen Identifies PAPP-AA-Mediated IGFR Signaling as a Novel Regulator of Habituation Learning
Wolman, M. A., Jain, R. A., Marsden, K. C., Bell, H., Skinner, J., Hayer, K. E., Hogenesch, J. B., & Granato, M. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.025 · Cited by 86
“This decline is not due to sensory adaptation or motor fatigue (Rankin et al., 2009; Thompson and Spencer, 1966; Wolman et al., 2011) and is conserved across species.”
Influential
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression: Possible Sources of Poor Reproducibility and Latent Variables
Markov, D. D., & Novosadova, E. V. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11111621 · Cited by 101
Human fetal and subsequent newborn responses to sound and vibration
Kisilvesky, B. S., & Muir, D. W. (1991) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(91)90051-s · Cited by 89
Behavioral and genetic characterization of habituation using Caenorhabditis elegans
Giles, A. C., & Rankin, C. H. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.08.004 · Cited by 94
“Thompson and Spencer (1966) described the behavioral features of habituation common to all organisms studied.”
Visual evoked potentials in migraine patients: alterations depend on pattern spatial frequency
Oelkers, R. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.6.1147 · Cited by 89
Influence of long-term sensitization on long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response in rats: Central gray lesions, preexposure, and extinction.
Borszcz, G. S., Cranney, J., & Leaton, R. N. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.15.1.54 · Cited by 90
Individual differences in habituation of human physiological responses: A review of theory, method, and findings in the study of personality correlates in non-clinical populations
O’Gorman, J. G. (1977) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(77)90017-5 · Cited by 93
Habituation of exteroceptive suppression and of exteroceptive reflexes in man as influenced by voluntary contraction
Desmedt, J. E., & Godaux, E. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90070-6 · Cited by 89
Human Fetal Behavior: 100 Years of Study
Kisilevsky, B. S., & Low, J. A. (1998) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.1998.0452 · Cited by 88
Salivary Cortisol Reactivity in Preterm Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care: An Integrative Review
Mörelius, E., He, H. G., & Shorey, S. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13030337 · Cited by 88
Learning in Plants: Lessons from Mimosa pudica
Abramson, C. I., & Chicas‐Mosier, A. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00417 · Cited by 88
Monotonous stimulation, sleep onset and habituation of the orienting reaction
Bohlin, G. (1971) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(71)90075-7 · Cited by 87
Distinct neural mechanisms mediate olfactory memory formation at different timescalesPreprint
McNamara, A. M., Magidson, P. D., Linster, C., Wilson, D. A., & Cleland, T. A. (2008) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.785608 · Cited by 88
“…to repeated similar stimuli, is a simple form of learning that underlies animals’ capacity to perceptually deemphasize static conditions or inconsequential stimuli in favor of novel, potentially more relevant environmental features or events (Thompson and Spencer 1966; Rose and Rankin 2001).”

Authors: Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A.
Affiliations: University of Oregon (US)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1966
Volume: 73
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-43
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/h0022681
OpenAlex: W2055171682
Cited by: 2,608
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 82
FWCI: 22.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: habituation, neural basis of learning, psychobiology, associative learning
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Behavior, Humans, Neurophysiology, Psychophysiology

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Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior

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