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Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior
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“In habituation, behavioral and physiological responses during initial exposure to a stimulus diminish with repeated presentations of that stimulus (Grissom and Bhatnagar, 2009;Leussis and Bolivar, 2006;Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Thompson and Spencer, 1966
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“Habituation is a form of non-associative learning where an initial response to a repeated stimulus gradually wanes [26].”
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“On the other hand, some people may have become habituated to the lockdown conditions, have got used to the stressors of living with the pandemic, and may have recovered or become less vulnerable to developing a common mental disorder (CMD; Thompson & Spencer, 1966).”
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Habituation of Activity in an Open Field: A Survey of Inbred Strains and F1 Hybrids
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“Habitu ation is not a new concept to behavioral research (Groves and Thompson, 1970; Harris, 1943; Terry, 1979; Thompson and Spencer, 1966 ).”
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“Instead of a reduced locomotion when rodents become familiar with the novel environment [37,38], zebrafish appears to do the opposite.”
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“First, individuals may become desensitized to a stimulus over time (Thompson and Spencer 1966; Haselhuhn et al. 2012).”
InfluentialPossible mechanisms for why desensitization and exposure therapy work
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“The neuron may recover this response with time, or by signals which ‘dishabituate’ it [37], such as when the stimulus location becomes the target of a saccade (e.”
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Habituation produces frequency-specific plasticity of receptive fields in the auditory cortex.
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Increased colonic motility during exposure to a stressful situation
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“Thus, it appeared that the subjects had habituated to the stressful stimuli and were no longer distressed by the stimuli (10-12).”
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“Complex responses, such as active choices of novel stimuli, habituate more rapidly and take longer to spontaneously recover in the absence of eliciting stimuli than simpler orienting or reflexive responses, probably because of differences in numbers of association neurons intervening between stimuli and responses (Tho…”
BackgroundInfluentialHabituation and adaptation to odors in humans
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“That distinction was challenged by Thorpe (1956), who treated all habituation as potentially long-term (see also Thompson & Spencer, 1966).”
BackgroundInfluentialGeneral-process theories of motivation revisited: The role of habituation.
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The nature and duration of adaptation following long-term odor exposure
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“Taken together these data meet several important criteria for habituation (Thompson and Spencer 1966; Kandel et al. 1991).”
BackgroundVisual attention at three months as a predictor of cognitive functioning at two years of age
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Frequency discrimination by the fetus
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“How can differences in the habituation between the healthy subjects and migraineurs in the pain-free interval be explained? According to Thomson and Spencer (19), habituation is closely associated with stimulus intensity, frequency and activation.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnalyses of Habituation in Caenorhabditis elegansPreprint
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A Dual-Process Theory of Habituation: Theory and Behavior
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“This provides an explanation for the psychological phenomena of dishabituation and attentional override, two defining properties of habituation (Ramaswami, 2014; Rankin et al., 2009; Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman auditory primary and association cortex have differing lifetimes for activation traces
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Sensitization-habituation may occur during operant conditioning.
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“In general, habituation is more amenable to modulation from higher-order central nervous system processes, such as arousal or cognitive processes, than is adaptation.(196) There are numerous examples of apparent sensitization to airborne irritants.”
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“Also, the anxiety that occurs in a particular situation or stimulus can be reduced through repeated exposure to it [17, 18].”
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Experience and Plasticity in the Central Nervous System
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“…a transient increase in responsiveness as a result of sensitization or increased attention to the stimulus) and thus results in reduced responsiveness to this stimulus in comparison with others less frequently encountered (Thompson & Spencer, 1966; Groves & Thompson, 1970; Petrinovich, 1984).”
ResultHabituation and dishabituation of the human vertex response
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Antipredator behavior in blackbirds: habituation complements risk allocation
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“Under the habituation hypothesis, animals reduce their responses to the stimuli by a learning process in which the stimuli cease to be regarded as dangerous after repeated exposures to it ( Thompson and Spencer 1966; Mirza et al. 2006).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the cellular basis of memory and learning.
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“Specifically, the intensifying effect of disruption follows from two of the central tenets of habituation: spontaneous recovery and dishabituation (Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
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“Exposure to novelty (3D maze) appears to facilitate the “return of fear” which can be accounted for by the dishabituation phenomenon (Rachman 1989; Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
BackgroundBehavioral habituation to spatial novelty: Interference and noninterference studies
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“…to point out that although many of the studies covered here report altered habituation, with the exception of acoustic startle, very few demonstrate that the response decrement being studied fits the criteria of habituation as outlined by Thompson and Spencer (1966) and Rankin et al. (2009).”
Time-variant fMRI activity in the brainstem and higher structures in response to acupuncture
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“Classical habituation is the progressive decrease in physiological response to a repeating stimulus which has been deemed by the subject as neither harmful nor rewarding (Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
Locomotor activity assay in zebrafish larvae: Influence of age, strain and ethanol
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“These response patterns may reflect habituation, an ancestral form of learning, but more research is needed to find a complete explanation (MacPhail et al., 2009; Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
BackgroundEye movements reveal sustained implicit processing of others' mental states.
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“On the other hand, healthy individuals learn to stop responding to stimuli that are no longer biologically relevant [52], [53].”
BackgroundEffect of stressor intensity on habituation and sensitization of glucocorticoid responses in rats.
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“Despite their phenomenological (Thompson and Spencer, 1966; Hawkins et al., 1998) and mechanistic (Antonov et al., 1999) similarities, sensitization and dishabituation are now recognized to be distinct forms of learning (Hawkins et al., 2006; Antonov et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHabituation and Sensitization of Startle Reflexes Elicited Electrically from the Brainstem
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Habituation and the human evoked potential.
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Cellular mechanisms of behavioral plasticity in terrestrial snail
Balaban, P. M. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00022-2 · Cited by 118
“By interaction of these processes most part of parametric characteristics of habituation [42], which were readily observed in snail, may be explained.”
BackgroundBrain stem pathways, cortical modulation, and habituation of the acoustic startle response
Groves, P. M., Wilson, C. J., & Boyle, R. D. (1974) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(74)91975-0 · Cited by 118
Wathieu, L. (2004) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1030.0185 · Cited by 114
Prefrontal Cortical Involvement in Young Infants' Analysis of Novelty
Nakano, T., Watanabe, H., Homae, F., & Taga, G. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn096 · Cited by 127
“As the habituation effect is sustained from minutes to days, habituation is thought to be the elementary form of learning and memory ( Thompson and Spencer 1966; Pinsker et al. 1970).”
BackgroundNeurobiology, psychology and habituation
Mackintosh, N. J. (1987) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90079-9 · Cited by 122
Habituation and Attention in the Auditory System
Picton, T. W., Hillyard, S. A., & Galambos, R. (1976) · Handbook of sensory physiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66082-5_8 · Cited by 118
Pharmacological alleviation of cholinergic lesion induced memory deficits in rats
Haroutunian, V. H., Kanof, P. D., & Davis, K. L. (1985) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(85)90531-4 · Cited by 116
Metadata
- Authors
- Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1966
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-43
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2055171682
- Cited by
- 2,608
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 22.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- habituation, neural basis of learning, psychobiology, associative learning
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Behavior, Humans, Neurophysiology, Psychophysiology
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