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Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior

Thompson, Richard F., Spencer, William A.·1966·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/h0022681

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“However, one might have expected relatively equal response decrement at low intensities (or even greater) had habituation played a major role ( Thompson and Spencer 1966 ).”
Background
Habituation in Fish with Special Reference to Intraspecific Aggressive Behavior
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“This is important because habituation is considered the simplest form of learning andmemory (70, 71).”
Background
Massed and spaced training build up different components of long-term habituation in the crabChasmagnathus
Pedreira, M. E., Romano, A. G., Tomsic, D., Lozada, M., & Maldonado, H. (1998) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03199160 · Cited by 48
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“In principle, however, any animal can habituate to a stimulus (Thompson & Spencer, 1966) and any animal can associate stimuli with each other by classical conditioning — regardless of whether the involved stimuli are presented before or after birth, or whether they are ecologically relevant…”
Background
The intensity function and reinforcing properties of brain stimulation that elicits attack
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“Studies on habituation (Bailey & Chen, 1983; Thompson & Spencer, 1966; Tigh & Leighton, 1976 ), the remembered unlearning of behavior, have shown decreases in synaptic strength in networks of interneurons when comparing postlearning to prelearning.”
Background
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“Increases of evoked responses preceding habituation have been shown in the flexion reflex in acute spinal Ž .cats Thompson and Spencer, 1966 and in the Žstartle response in rats Groves and Thompson, .1970 , and had been related to a sensitization process.”
Background
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“Conceptually, habituation is defined as a decrease in response when stimuli are repeated (Thompson & Spencer, 1966).”
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“It is defined as the decrease of an elicited response as a result of repeated stimulation (Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
Background
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“The aggressive display was quantified by a modification of Thompson's (1963) procedure.”
Method
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Groves, P. M., DeMarco, R., & Thompson, R. F. (1969) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(69)90129-2 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
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A standardized desensitization program applicable to group and individual treatments
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“Habituation is phylogenetically widespread (Thompson and Spencer 1966; Castellucci and Kandel 1974; Boulis and Sahley 1988; Rankin et al. 1990; May and Hoy 1991; Krasne and Teshiba 1995) and has functional significance in modulating both the gain and sensitivity of behavioral responses (Fischer and…”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Habituation, one of the simplest forms of learning characterized by a decrease in response following repeated stimulation (Harris 1943; Thompson and Spencer 1966; Rankin et al. 2009), allows for the assessment of learning and memory in locomotor activity, both within sessions (intrasession) and…”
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“The response declines over repeated trials, and this decrement has been shown to meet 7 out of the 9 parametric criteria of habituation defined by Thompson and Spencer (1966) (Brunner & Maldonado, 1988; Pedreira, Romano, Tomsic, Lozada, & Maldonado, 1998; Sztarker & Tomsic, 2008).”
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Involvement of the human medial cerebellum in long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response
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“Depending upon the number of stimulus presentations and the time interval between two stimuli, the decrease in the response to the stimulus can last for minutes or hours [short-term habituation (STH)] or can be retained for days or weeks [longterm habituation (LTH)] (Davis 1972; Thompson and Spencer 1966 ).”
Background
Habituation in the single cell: diminished secretion of norepinephrine with repetitive depolarization of PC12 cells.
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Habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflex in dementia and dyskinetic states.
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The Function of Shifting Fixations in the Visual Perception of Infants
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“Habituation as a mechanism for social fearfulness Habituation, the decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, is one of the simplest forms of learning and memory (Thompson and Spencer, 1966; Thompson, 2009).”
Background
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Sensitization of the crayfish lateral giant escape reaction
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“Most behavioral reactions that habituate can also be enhanced in excitability, or sensitized, by presenting strong or novel stimuli (Groves and Thompson, 1970; Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
Background
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Habituation in relation to State in the Human Neonate
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Habituation of evoked potentials in the rat under conditions of behavioral control
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“…be due to either the real vs. hypothetical treatment, or to the general effect of stimulus experience and neural habituation reducing brain activity; this is a well-established effect (Thompson and Spencer, 1966; Wright et al., 2001; Fischer et al., 2003; Phan et al., 2003; Yamaguchi et al., 2004).”
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“Another explanation is that the observation was in fact habituation that proceeded beyond the baseline and reached a different asymptotic level (Grissom and Bhatnagar, 2009; Rankin et al., 2009; Thompson and Spencer, 1966).”
Background
Determinants of infant visual fixation: Evidence for a two-process theory
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An experimental investigation of the possible role of tactile and proprioceptive stimulation in certain aspects of embryonic behavior in the chick
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Suppression of cortical representation through backward conditioning
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Merging Mechanism and Adaptation: An Ethological Approach to Learning and Generalization
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Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on habituation and sensitization of the startle response in the rat
Davis, M., & Sheard, M. H. (1974) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(74)90037-9 · Cited by 43
Habituation to pain: a motivational-ethological perspective
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“2 Characteristics of habituation? Ten behavioral characteristics of habituation have been identified [20,40,54] (see Table 1).”
Background
Epigenetic signature in neural plasticity: the journey so far and journey ahead
Nayak, M., Das, D., Pradhan, J., Ahmed, R. G., Laureano-Melo, R., & Dandapat, J. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12292 · Cited by 42
“This results in a reduction in responsiveness to an environmental stimulus after prolonged exposure or becoming accustomed to any behavior or condition [18, 19].”
Background
Identifying emotional adaptation: behavioural habituation to novelty and immediate early gene expression in two inbred mouse strains
Salomons, A. R., van Luijk, J. A. K. R., Reinders, N. R., Kirchhoff, S., Arndt, S. S., & Ohl, F. (2009) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00527.x · Cited by 41
“Habituation refers to the waning of a behavioural response elicited after repeated exposure to the same environment/stimulus and is a form of non-associative learning (Thompson & Spencer 1966).”
Background
Conserved regulation of neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by FoxP in Drosophila
Castells‐Nobau, A., Eidhof, I., Fencková, M., Brenman‐Suttner, D. B., Gooyert, J. M. S.-D., Christine, S., Schellevis, R. L., van der Laan, K. J., Quentin, C., van Ninhuijs, L., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211652 · Cited by 43
“Habituation is a form of nonassociative learning where an initial response to a repeated non-threatening stimulus decreases over time [50, 51].”
Background
Neuronal correlates of the visually elicited escape response of the crab Chasmagnathus upon seasonal variations, stimuli changes and perceptual alterations
Sztarker, J., & Tomsic, D. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-008-0333-3 · Cited by 42
Effects of shifts in the rate of repetitive stimulation on sustained attention
Krulewitz, J. E., Warm, J. S., & Wohl, T. H. (1975) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199369 · Cited by 42
Clinically relevant EEG studies and psychophysiological findings: possible neural mechanisms for multiple chemical sensitivity
Bell, I. R. (1996) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0300-483x(96)03395-1 · Cited by 42
Some tests of response habituation in rats with discrete lesions to the orbital or medial frontal cortex.
Kolb, B. E. (1974) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0081993 · Cited by 42
Behavioral Detection of Low Concentrations of Ethanol in Milk in the Preweanling Rat
Pepino, M. Y., Kraebel, K. S., López, M. F., Spear, N. E., & Molina, J. C. (1998) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00154-7 · Cited by 42
PERMANENT EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN EARLY ONTOGENY ON THE LEVEL OF NONSPECIFIC EXCITABILITY AND ON LABILITY (EMOTIONALITY)
Lát, J., & Gollová, E. (1969) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb12973.x · Cited by 42
Individual Differences in Attention
Lewis, M. (1967) · American journal of diseases of children · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090190107010 · Cited by 42
Biological Psychology
Clark, R. E., Hales, J. B., Zola, S. M., & Thompson, R. F. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop201005 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Dishabituation of laser-evoked EEG responses: dissecting the effect of certain and uncertain changes in stimulus spatial location
Torta, D. M., Liang, M., Valentini, E., Mouraux, A., & Iannetti, G. D. (2012) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3019-6 · Cited by 41
“This response reduction reflects habituation, which is defined as a response decrement that results from repeated stimulation and that is distinct from sensory adaptation and sensory fatigue (Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
Background
Biochemically plausible models of habituation for single-cell learning
Eckert, L., Vidal-Saez, M. S., Zhao, Z., García‐Ojalvo, J., Martinez-Corral, R., & Gunawardena, J. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.041 · Cited by 41
“The hallmarks reveal a rich complexity to habituation that lies beyond the simple depiction in Figure 1A. Thompson and Spencer remarked on the agreement in their hallmarks across a wide array of responses and vertebrate species and made the inﬂuential suggestion that the hallmarks should be incorporated into the deﬁni…”
Influential
Altered Dynamics of the fMRI Response to Faces in Individuals with Autism
Kleinhans, N. M., Richards, T. L., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., & Aylward, E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2565-8 · Cited by 48
“reflect plasticity (Prescott 1998) and can be disrupted by neural lesions (Thompson and Spencer 1966).”
Background
Sensory and sympathetic correlates of heat pain sensitization and habituation in men and women
Breimhorst, M., Hondrich, M., Rebhorn, C., May, A., & Birklein, F. (2012) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00133.x · Cited by 41
“Thompson and Spencer (1966) defined habituation as a decrease in response to repeated stimuli.”
Background
A Realistic Neural Mass Model of the Cortex with Laminar-Specific Connections and Synaptic Plasticity – Evaluation with Auditory Habituation
Wang, P., & Knösche, T. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077876 · Cited by 43
“It usually follows an exponential decay function of stimulus repetition and is reversed if stimulation changes [48].”
Background
Interactions of time of day and sleep with between-session habituation and extinction memory in young adult males
Pace-Schott, E. F., Tracy, L. E., Rubin, Z. S., Mollica, A. G., Ellenbogen, J. M., Bianchi, M. T., Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3829-9 · Cited by 44

Authors: Thompson, R. F., & Spencer, W. A.
Affiliations: University of Oregon (US)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1966
Volume: 73
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-43
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/h0022681
OpenAlex: W2055171682
Cited by: 2,608
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 82
FWCI: 22.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: habituation, neural basis of learning, psychobiology, associative learning
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Behavior, Humans, Neurophysiology, Psychophysiology

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