The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reforms as experiments.
Abstract
Nach Campbell gibt es fur die Mehrzahl sozialer Pragramme noch immer keine interpretierbaren Evaluationen. Sein Artikel befast sich mit den Grunden dafur und versucht Wege aufzuzeigen, wie dies geandert werden konnte. Problem: Fur viele Reformen wird abgestimmt, als sei bereits sicher, das die gewunschte Wirkung auftritt. Zeigen die Ergebnisse spater etwas anderes an, last dies den Politiker unglaubwurdig wirken. Losungsvorschlag: Der Autor wunscht sich eine Politik, in der das Augenmerk nicht mehr auf die einzelnen Programme gerichtet ist, sondern auf die dahinter liegenden Probleme. Ziel sollte es sein, das Problem zu beseitigen. Wirkt ein bestimmtes Programm nicht, so konnten weitere Methoden ausprobiert werden.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Self-citationRegression-discontinuity analysis: An alternative to the ex post facto experiment.
Thistlethwaite, D. L., & Campbell, D. T. (1960) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044319 · Cited by 1,469
Self-citationAn extension of control group design
Solomon, R. L. (1949) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0062958 · Cited by 541
Cited by
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009) · doi:10.1515/9781400829828 · Cited by 9,467
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: development of a general scale
Larsen, D. L., Attkisson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (1979) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6 · Cited by 2,887
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (2001) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.15.4.69 · Cited by 2,355
Morduch, J. (1999) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.37.4.1569 · Cited by 2,360
The Escalation of Commitment To a Course of Action
Staw, B. M. (1981) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1981.4285694 · Cited by 1,693
Empirical Strategies in Labor Economics
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1999) · Handbook of Labor Economics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4463(99)03004-7 · Cited by 1,628
Using Maimonides' Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Scholastic Achievement
Angrist, J. D., & Lavy, V. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556061 · Cited by 1,482
Natural and Quasi-Experiments in Economics
Meyer, B. D. (1995) · Journal of Business & Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.1995.10524589 · Cited by 1,100
Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda.
Paluck, E. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0011989 · Cited by 902
Assessing the impact of planned social change
Campbell, D. T. (1979) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-x · Cited by 957
Self-citationAssessment of patient satisfaction: Development and refinement of a Service Evaluation Questionnaire
Nguyen, T. D., Attkisson, C. C., & Stegner, B. L. (1983) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(83)90010-1 · Cited by 736
Van Der Klaauw, W. (2002) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00055 · Cited by 722
The yin and yang of progress in social psychology: Seven koan.
McGuire, W. J. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034345 · Cited by 490
The Value of Interrupted Time-Series Experiments for Community Intervention Research
Biglan, A., Ary, D., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2000) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1010024016308 · Cited by 444
Intervening within and across levels: A multilevel approach to stigma and public health
Cook, J. E., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Meyer, I. H., & Busch, J. T. A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.023 · Cited by 438
A Survey of Learning Causality with Data: Problems and Methods
Guo, R., Cheng, L., Li, J., Hahn, P. R., & Liu, H. (2021) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3397269 · Cited by 362
The functions of program theory
Bickman, L. (1987) · New Directions for Program Evaluation · doi:10.1002/ev.1443 · Cited by 347
Regression Discontinuity Designs in Epidemiology: Causal Inference Without Randomized Trials
Bor, J., Moscoe, E., Mutevedzi, P., Newell, M.-L., & Bärnighausen, T. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000138 · Cited by 291
Fernet, C., Trépanier, S.-G., Austin, S., Gagné, M., & Forest, J. (2015) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2014.1003998 · Cited by 258
Offender Rehabilitation: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done
GENDREAU, P. (1996) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854896023001010 · Cited by 255
A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime
Taylor, B., Koper, C. S., & Woods, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9120-6 · Cited by 240
Petrosino, A., & Soydan, H. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-005-3540-8 · Cited by 152
(2002) · Cited by 148
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research.
Larzelere, R. E., Kuhn, B. R., & Johnson, B. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.289 · Cited by 144
Randomized single-case AB phase designs: Prospects and pitfalls
Michiels, B., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1084-x · Cited by 77
Development of a collaborative model to improve school health promotion in the Netherlands
Leurs, M. T. W., Schaalma, H. P., Jansen, M. W. J., Mur-Veeman, I. M., St. Leger, L. H., & de Vries, N. (2005) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dai004 · Cited by 70
A practical system for monitoring the outcomes of substance use disorder patients
Tiet, Q. Q., Byrnes, H. F., Barnett, P., & Finney, J. W. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.03.002 · Cited by 60
SIMONTON, D. K. (1998) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1998.tb00812.x · Cited by 59
Koper, C. S., Taylor, B. G., & Woods, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-012-9170-z · Cited by 56
Null Compliance: NYC Local Law 144 and the challenges of algorithm accountability
Wright, L., Muenster, R. M., Vecchione, B., Qu, T., Cai, P. (., Smith, A., Comm 2450 Student Investigators, Metcalf, J., & Matias, J. N. (2024) · The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3630106.3658998 · Cited by 43
Null Compliance: NYC Local Law 144 and the Challenges of Algorithm Accountability
Wright, L., Muenster, R. M., Vecchione, B., Qu, T., Pika, Cai, Investigators, C. 2. S., Metcalf, J., & Matias, J. N. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.01399 · Cited by 43
Equity and Justice in Polycentric Climate Governance
Okereke, C. (2018) · Governing Climate Change · doi:10.1017/9781108284646.019 · Cited by 43
Legal regulation of health-related behavior: A half-century of public health law research
Burris, S., & Anderson, E. (2013) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102612-134011 · Cited by 39
Using theory-based evaluation to build evidence-based health and social care policy and practice
Bonner, L. (2003) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/0958159031000100224 · Cited by 33
Problem-Oriented Policing in Suburban Low-Income Housing: A Quasi-Experiment
Carson, J. V., & Wellman, A. P. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611117744005 · Cited by 13
Patterns of Effects and Sensitivity Analysis for Differences-in-Differences
Keele, L. J., Small, D. S., Hsu, J. Y., & Fogarty, C. B. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1901.01869 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, D. T.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1969-04
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 409-429
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2026575291
- Cited by
- 1,885
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 31.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.